Mesoionic insecticides

ABSTRACT

wherein A, X, Y, Z, R1, R2a, R2b and Q are as defined in the disclosure. Also disclosed are compositions containing the compounds of Formula 1 and methods for controlling an invertebrate pest comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment with a biologically effective amount of a compound or a composition of the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to certain mesoionic compounds, their N-oxides,salts and compositions suitable for agronomic and nonagronomic uses, andmethods of their use for controlling invertebrate pests such asarthropods in both agronomic and nonagronomic environments.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The control of invertebrate pests is extremely important in achievinghigh crop efficiency. Damage by invertebrate pests to growing and storedagronomic crops can cause significant reduction in productivity andthereby result in increased costs to the consumer. The control ofinvertebrate pests in forestry, greenhouse crops, ornamentals, nurserycrops, stored food and fiber products, livestock, household, turf, woodproducts, and public and animal health is also important. Many productsare commercially available for these purposes, but the need continuesfor new compounds that are more effective, less costly, less toxic,environmentally safer or have different sites of action.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to compounds of Formula 1 (including allgeometric and stereoisomers), N-oxides, and salts thereof, andcompositions containing them and their use for controlling invertebratepests:

wherein

-   -   X is O or S;    -   Y is O or S;    -   A is a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing ring members        selected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms independently        selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 3 N, wherein up to        2 carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O)        and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ring members are independently        selected from S(═O)_(n), each ring unsubstituted or substituted        with up to 3 substituents independently selected from R³;    -   Z is a direct bond; or a 1- to 4-atom chain containing chain        members selected from carbon atoms and up to 2 heteroatoms        independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 2 N,        wherein up to 2 carbon atom chain members are independently        selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom chain members        are independently selected from S(═O)_(n), each 1- to 4-atom        chain being unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4        substituents independently selected from R⁵, or substituted with        up to 9 halogen when R⁵ is halogen;    -   R¹ is 1H or halogen; a 3- to 10-membered ring or a 7- to        11-membered ring system, each ring or ring system containing        ring members selected from carbon atoms and up to 4 heteroatoms        independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 4 N,        wherein up to 3 carbon atom ring members are independently        selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ring members        are independently selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring        or ring system unsubstituted or substituted with up to 8        substituents independently selected from R⁴; provided that when        Z is a direct bond, R¹ is other than H or halogen;    -   R^(2a) and R^(2b) are independently H, halogen, cyano, C₁-C₃        alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl or C₂-C₃ alkynyl; or R^(2a) and R^(21b) are        taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered ring containing ring        members selected from carbon atoms and up to one heteroatom        selected from O, N and S(O)_(n);    -   Q is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, unsubstituted or        substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected        from R⁶;    -   each R³ is independently halogen, cyano, hydroxy, amino, nitro,        C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, SO₂NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄        alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl,        C₃-C₇ halocycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈        haloalkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₈        halocycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₆        alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyl or        C₂-C₆ haloalkylcarbonyl;    -   each R⁴ is independently halogen, cyano, hydroxy, amino, nitro,        SF₅, OCN, SCN, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C(═S)NH₂, SO₂NH₂,        C(═O)R¹³, C(═O)OR¹³, NHR¹³, NR¹³R¹⁴, C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, C(═S)NR¹⁶R¹⁴,        SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁴, OC(═O)R¹⁶, OC(═O)OR¹³, OC(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁴,        N(R¹⁶)C(═O)R¹⁶, N(R¹⁶)C(═O)OR¹⁴, N(R¹⁶)C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, OSO₂R¹³,        OSO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, NR¹⁶SO₂R¹³, NR¹⁶SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, Si(R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵),        C(═NR¹⁶)R¹⁷, C(═NOR¹⁶)R¹⁷, C(═NNR¹⁶R¹⁷)R¹⁸,        C(═NN(C(═O)R¹⁴)R¹⁶)R¹⁷, C(═NN(C(═O)OR¹⁴)R¹⁶)R¹⁷,        C(═NN(C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷)R¹⁶)R¹⁷, C(═NOR¹⁶)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, ON═CR¹⁶R¹⁷,        ONR¹⁶R¹⁷, S(═O)(═NR¹⁶)R¹⁷, SO₂NR¹⁶C(═O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, P(═X²)R¹³R¹⁴,        OP(═X²)R¹³R¹⁴, OP(═X²)(OR¹³)R¹⁴, OP(═X²)(OR¹³)OR¹⁴, N═CR¹⁶R¹⁷,        NR¹⁶N═CR¹⁷R¹⁸, NR¹⁶NR¹⁷R¹⁸, NR¹⁶C(═X²)NR¹⁷R¹⁸,        NR¹⁶C(═NR¹⁶)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, NR¹⁶NR¹⁶C(═X²)NR¹⁷R¹⁸ or        NR¹⁶NR¹⁶SO₂NR¹⁷R¹⁸; or    -   each R⁴ is independently C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈        alkynyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₁₀        cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₄ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀        alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₃-C₈        cycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀ cyclolkylalkylalkoxy, C₃-C₁₀        cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy,        C₃-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈        alkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfinyl,        C₃-C₈ cycloalkysulfonyl, C₄-C₀ cycloalkylalkylthio, C₄-C₁₀        cycloalkylalkylsulfinyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₈        alkenylthio, C₂-C₈ alkenylsulfinyl, C₂-C₈ alkenylsulfonyl, C₂-C₈        alkynylthio, C₂-C₈ alkynylsulfinyl or C₂-C₈ alkynylsulfonyl,        each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one substituent        independently selected from R¹²; or    -   each R⁴ is independently Z¹Q¹; or    -   two R⁴ substituents are taken together to form a 5- to        7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each ring        containing ring members selected from carbon atoms and up to 3        heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S,        and up to 3 N, wherein up to 2 carbon atom ring members are        independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom        ring members are independently selected from S(═O)_(n), each        ring optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,        cyano, hydroxy, amino, nitro, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, SO₂NH₂, C₁-C₄        alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄        alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ halocycloalkyl, C₄-C₈        alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ haloalkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈        cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₈ halocycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆        haloalkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkoxycarbonyl,        C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₄ alkylthio,        C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl and C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl;    -   each R⁵ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₃ alkyl,        C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₃        alkynyl, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰ or Z¹Q²;    -   each R⁶ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH,        C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷,        SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰ or Si(R⁷)₃; or C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆        alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈        cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀        alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyl or        C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with at        least one substituent independently selected from the group        consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂,        C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷, SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰ and        Si(R⁷)₃;    -   each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆        alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl,        C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀        alkylcycloalkylalkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, each unsubstituted        or substituted with at least one substituent independently        selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro,        CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄        alkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄        haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfonyl,        C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₈ dialkylamino, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylamino,        C₂-C₄ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl,        C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonylthio, C₂-C₆        alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₈ dialkylaminocarbonyl and C₃-C₆        trialkylsilyl; or phenyl or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic        ring, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one        substituent independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,        C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl,        C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₆        cycloalkenyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂,        C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄        alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄        haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino,        C₂-C₈ dialkylamino, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylamino, C₂-C₄ alkoxyalkyl,        C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆        alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonylthio, C₂-C₆        alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₈ dialkylaminocarbonyl and C₃-C₆        trialkylsilyl;    -   each Z¹ is independently a direct bond; or a 1- to 4-atom chain        containing chain members selected from carbon atoms and up to 2        heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S,        and up to 2 N, wherein up to 2 carbon atom chain members are        independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom        chain members are independently selected from S(═O)_(n), each 1-        to 4-atom chain being unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4        substituents independently selected from R⁵, or substituted with        up to 9 halogen when R⁵ is halogen;    -   each X² is independently O or S;    -   each Q¹ is independently a 3- to 10-membered ring or a 7- to        11-membered ring system, each ring or ring system containing        ring members selected from carbon atoms and up to 4 heteroatoms        independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 4 N,        wherein up to 3 carbon atom ring members are independently        selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ring members        are independently selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring        or ring system optionally substituted with up to 4 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,        cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸,        C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷, SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, Si(R⁷)₃ and R¹¹;    -   each Q² is independently phenyl or a 5- or 6-membered        heteroaromatic ring, each unsubstituted or substituted with up        to 3 substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂,        C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷, SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰,        Si(R⁷)₃ and R¹¹;    -   each R¹¹ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆        alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈        cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀        alkylcycloalkylalkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, each unsubstituted        or substituted with at least one substituent independently        selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro,        CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄        alkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄        haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfonyl,        C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₈ dialkylamino, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylamino,        C₂-C₄ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl,        C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonylthio, C₂-C₆        alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₈ dialkylaminocarbonyl and C₃-C₆        trialkylsilyl; or phenyl or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic        ring, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one        substituent independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,        C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀        cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₆        cycloalkenyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂,        C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄        alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄        haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino,        C₂-C₈ dialkylamino, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylamino, C₂-C₄ alkoxyalkyl,        C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆        alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonylthio, C₂-C₆        alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₈ dialkylaminocarbonyl and C₃-C₆        trialkylsilyl;    -   each R¹² is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH,        C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷,        SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, Si(R⁷)₃ or Z¹Q²;    -   each R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆        alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl,        C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀        alkylcycloalkylalkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, each unsubstituted        or substituted with at least one substituent independently        selected from R¹²; or Q²;    -   each R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆        alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl,        C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀        alkylcycloalkylalkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, each unsubstituted        or substituted with at least one substituent independently        selected from R¹²; or Q²;    -   each R¹⁹ is independently H, cyano, OCN. SCN, CHO, C(═O)OH,        C(═O)NH₂, C(═S)NH₂, SO₂NH₂, C(═O)R¹³, C(═O)OR¹³, NHR¹³, NR¹³R¹⁴,        C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, C(═S)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁴, OC(═O)R¹⁶, OC(═O)OR¹³,        OC(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, N(R¹⁶)C(═O)R¹⁶, N(R¹⁶)C(═O)OR¹⁴,        N(R¹⁶)C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, OSO₂R¹³, OSO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, NR¹⁶SO₂R¹³,        NR¹⁶SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, Si(R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵) or Z¹Q²; or C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈        alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₁₀        alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₄        cyclooakylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₈        cycloalkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀        cycloalkylalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₁-C₈        alkylthio, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈        cycloalkylthio, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfinyl, C₃-C₈        cycloalkysulfonyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkylthio, C₄-C₁₀        cycloalkylalkylsulfinyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₈        alkenylthio, C₂-C₈ alkenylsulfinyl, C₂-C₈ alkenylsulfonyl, C₁-C₈        alkynylthio, C₂-C₈ alkynylsulfinyl or C₂-C₈ alkynylsulfonyl,        each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one substituent        independently selected from R¹²;    -   each n is independently 0, 1 or 2; and    -   u and z in each instance of S(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z) are        independently 0, 1 or 2, provided that the sum of u and z in        each instance of S(═O)(═NR¹⁹)_(z) is 0, 1 or 2.

This invention also provides a composition comprising a compound ofFormula 1, an N-oxide or a salt thereof, and at least one additionalcomponent selected from the group consisting of surfactants, soliddiluents and liquid diluents. In one embodiment, this invention alsoprovides a composition for controlling an invertebrate pest comprising acompound of Formula 1, an N-oxide or a salt thereof, and at least oneadditional component selected from the group consisting of surfactants,solid diluents and liquid diluents, said composition optionally furthercomprising at least one additional biologically active compound oragent.

This invention provides a method for controlling an invertebrate pestcomprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment with abiologically effective amount of a compound of Formula 1, an N-oxide ora salt thereof, (e.g., as a composition described herein). Thisinvention also relates to such method wherein the invertebrate pest orits environment is contacted with a composition comprising abiologically effective amount of a compound of Formula 1, an N-oxide ora salt thereof, and at least one additional component selected from thegroup consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents,said composition optionally further comprising a biologically effectiveamount of at least one additional biologically active compound or agent.

This invention also provides a method for protecting a seed from aninvertebrate pest comprising contacting the seed with a biologicallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula 1, an N-oxide or a saltthereof, (e.g., as a composition described herein). This invention alsorelates to the treated seed. This invention further provides a methodfor protecting an animal from an invertebrate parasitic pest comprisingadministering to the animal a parasiticidally effective amount of acompound of Formula 1, an N-oxide or a salt thereof, (e.g., as acomposition described herein). This invention also provides for the useof a compound of Formula 1, an N-oxide or a salt thereof, (e.g., as acomposition described herein) in protecting an animal from aninvertebrate pest.

This invention also provides a method for increasing vigor of a cropplant comprising contacting the crop plant, the seed from which the cropplant is grown or the locus (e.g., growth medium) of the crop plant witha biologically effective amount of a compound of Formula 1 (e.g., as acomposition described herein).

DETAILS OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing,” “characterizedby” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover anon-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated.For example, a composition, mixture, process or method that comprises alist of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements butmay include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to suchcomposition, mixture, process or method.

The transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, oringredient not specified. If in the claim, such would close the claim tothe inclusion of materials other than those recited except forimpurities ordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase “consistingof” appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediatelyfollowing the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in thatclause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

The transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” is used to define acomposition or method that includes materials, steps, features,components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed,provided that these additional materials, steps, features, components,or elements do not materially affect the basic and novelcharacteristic(s) of the claimed invention. The term “consistingessentially of” occupies a middle ground between “comprising” and“consisting of”.

Where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with anopen-ended term such as “comprising,” it should be readily understoodthat (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted toalso describe such an invention using the terms “consisting essentiallyof” or “consisting of.”

Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to aninclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or Bis satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and Bis false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (orpresent), and both A and B are true (or present).

Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element orcomponent of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regardingthe number of instances (i.e. occurrences) of the element or component.Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, andthe singular word form of the element or component also includes theplural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.

As referred to in this disclosure, the term “invertebrate pest” includesarthropods, gastropods, nematodes and helminths of economic importanceas pests. The term “arthropod” includes insects, mites, spiders,scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, pill bugs and symphylans.

The term “gastropod” includes snails, slugs and other Stylommatophora.The term “nematode” includes members of the phylum Nematoda, such asphytophagous nematodes and helminth nematodes parasitizing animals. Theterm “helminth” includes all of the parasitic worms, such as roundworms(phylum Nematoda), heartworms (phylum Nematoda, class Secernentea),flukes (phylum Platyhelminthes, class Tematoda), acanthocephalans(phylum Acanthocephala), and tapeworms (phylum Platyhelminthes, classCestoda).

In the context of this disclosure “invertebrate pest control” meansinhibition of invertebrate pest development (including mortality,feeding reduction, and/or mating disruption), and related expressionsare defined analogously.

The term “agronomic” refers to the production of field crops such as forfood and fiber and includes the growth of maize or corn, soybeans andother legumes, rice, cereal (e.g., wheat, oats, barley, rye and rice),leafy vegetables (e.g., lettuce, cabbage, and other cole crops),fruiting vegetables (e.g., tomatoes, pepper, eggplant, crucifers andcucurbits), potatoes, sweet potatoes, grapes, cotton, tree fruits (e.g.,pome, stone and citrus), small fruit (e.g., berries and cherries) andother specialty crops (e.g., canola, sunflower and olives).

The term “nonagronomic” refers to other than field crops, such ashorticultural crops (e.g., greenhouse, nursery or ornamental plants notgrown in a field), residential, agricultural, commercial and industrialstructures, turf (e.g., sod farm, pasture, golf course, lawn, sportsfield, etc.), wood products, stored product, agro-forestry andvegetation management, public health (i.e. human) and animal health(e.g., domesticated animals such as pets, livestock and poultry,undomesticated animals such as wildlife) applications.

The term “crop vigor” refers to rate of growth or biomass accumulationof a crop plant. An “increase in vigor” refers to an increase in growthor biomass accumulation in a crop plant relative to an untreated controlcrop plant. The term “crop yield” refers to the return on crop material,in terms of both quantity and quality, obtained after harvesting a cropplant. An “increase in crop yield” refers to an increase in crop yieldrelative to an untreated control crop plant.

The term “biologically effective amount” refers to the amount of abiologically active compound (e.g., a compound of Formula 1) sufficientto produce the desired biological effect when applied to (i.e. contactedwith) an invertebrate pest to be controlled or its environment, or to aplant, the seed from which the plant is grown, or the locus of the plant(e.g., growth medium) to protect the plant from injury by theinvertebrate pest or for other desired effect (e.g., increasing plantvigor).

In the structure of Formula 1, the variable A is defined as a 5-, 6- or7-membered ring containing ring members selected from carbon atoms andup to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S,and up to 3 N, wherein up to 2 carbon atom ring members areindependently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ringmembers are independently selected from S(═O)_(n), each ringunsubstituted or substituted with up to 3 substituents independentlyselected from R³. These 5-, 6- and 7-membered rings include theimidazolium nitrogen and carbon atoms to which the A ring members areattached to form said rings, as depicted in the structures below,wherein R represents a ring member selected as defined above, and a is0, 1, 2 or 3.

In the above recitations, the term “alkyl”, used either alone or incompound words such as “alkylthio” or “haloalkyl” includesstraight-chain or branched alkyl, such as, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,i-propyl, or the different butyl, pentyl or hexyl isomers. “Alkenyl”includes straight-chain or branched alkenes such as ethenyl, 1-propenyl,2-propenyl, and the different butenyl, pentenyl and hexenyl isomers.“Alkenyl” also includes polyenes such as 1,2-propadienyl and2,4-hexadienyl. “Alkynyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkynessuch as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl and the different butynyl,pentynyl and hexynyl isomers. “Alkynyl” can also include moietiescomprised of multiple triple bonds such as 2,5-hexadiynyl.

“Alkoxy” includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy,isopropyloxy and the different butoxy, pentoxy and hexyloxy isomers.“Alkylthio” includes branched or straight-chain alkylthio moieties suchas methylthio, ethylthio, and the different propylthio, butylthio,pentylthio and hexylthio isomers.

“Cycloalkyl” includes, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyland cyclohexyl.

The term “halogen”, either alone or in compound words such as“haloalkyl”, or when used in descriptions such as “alkyl substitutedwith halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Further,when used in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, or when used indescriptions such as “alkyl substituted with halogen” said alkyl may bepartially or fully substituted with halogen atoms which may be the sameor different. Examples of “haloalkyl” or “alkyl substituted withhalogen” include F₃C—, ClCH₂—, CF₃CH₂— and CF₃CCl₂—. The terms“halocycloalkyl”, “haloalkoxy”, “haloalkylthio”, “haloalkenyl” and thelike, are defined analogously to the term “haloalkyl”. Examples of“haloalkoxy” include CF₃O—, CCl₃CH₂O—, HCF₂CH₂CH₂O— and CF₃CH₂O—.Examples of “haloalkylthio” include CCl₃S—, CF₃S—, CCl₃CH₂S— andClCH₂CH₂CH₂S—.

The chemical abbreviations S(O) and S(═O) as used herein represent asulfinyl moiety. The chemical abbreviations SO₂, S(O)₂ and S(═O)₂ asused herein represent a sulfonyl moiety. The chemical abbreviations C(O)and C(═O) as used herein represent a carbonyl moiety. The chemicalabbreviations CO₂, C(O)O and C(═O)O as used herein represent anoxycarbonyl moiety. “CHO” means formyl.

The total number of carbon atoms in a substituent group is indicated bythe “C_(i)-C_(j)” prefix. For example, C₁-C₆ alkyl designates methyl,ethyl, and the various propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl isomers.

When a compound is substituted with a substituent bearing a subscriptthat indicates the number of said substituents can exceed 1, saidsubstituents (when they exceed 1) are independently selected from thegroup of defined substituents. Further, when the subscript indicates arange, e.g. (R)_(i-j), then the number of substituents may be selectedfrom the integers between i and j inclusive. When a group contains asubstituent which can be hydrogen, then when this substituent is takenas hydrogen, it is recognized that this is equivalent to said groupbeing unsubstituted. When one or more positions on a group are said tobe “not substituted” or “unsubstituted”, then hydrogen atoms areattached to take up any free valency.

Unless otherwise indicated, a “ring” or “ring system” as a component ofFormula 1 (e.g., substituent R¹) is carbocyclic or heterocyclic. Theterm “ring system” denotes two or more fused rings. The terms “bicyclicring system” and “fused bicyclic ring system” denote a ring systemconsisting of two fused rings, which can be “ortho-fused”, “bridgedbicyclic” or “spirobicyclic”. An “ortho-fused bicyclic ring system”denotes a ring system wherein the two constituent rings have twoadjacent atoms in common. A “bridged bicyclic ring system” is formed bybonding a segment of one or more atoms to nonadjacent ring members of aring. A “spirobicyclic ring system” is formed by bonding a segment oftwo or more atoms to the same ring member of a ring. The term “fusedheterobicyclic ring system” denotes a fused bicyclic ring system inwhich at least one ring atom is not carbon. The term “ring member”refers to an atom or other moiety (e.g., C(═O), C(═S), S(O) or S(O)₂)forming the backbone of a ring or ring system.

The terms “carbocyclic ring”, “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic ring system”denote a ring or ring system wherein the atoms forming the ring backboneare selected only from carbon. The terms “heterocyclic ring”,“heterocycle” or “heterocyclic ring system” denote a ring or ring systemin which at least one atom forming the ring backbone is not carbon,e.g., nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Typically a heterocyclic ring containsno more than 4 nitrogens, no more than 2 oxygens and no more than 2sulfurs. Unless otherwise indicated, a carbocyclic ring or heterocyclicring can be a saturated or unsaturated ring. “Saturated” refers to aring having a backbone consisting of atoms linked to one another bysingle bonds; unless otherwise specified, the remaining atom valencesare occupied by hydrogen atoms. Unless otherwise stated, an “unsaturatedring” may be partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated. The expression“fully unsaturated ring” means a ring of atoms in which the bondsbetween atoms in the ring are single or double bonds according tovalence bond theory and furthermore the bonds between atoms in the ringinclude as many double bonds as possible without double bonds beingcumulative (i.e. no C═C═C or C═C═N). The term “partially unsaturatedring” denotes a ring comprising at least one ring member bonded to anadjacent ring member through a double bond and which conceptuallypotentially accommodates a number of non-cumulated double bonds betweenadjacent ring members (i.e. in its fully unsaturated counterpart form)greater than the number of double bonds present (i.e. in its partiallyunsaturated form).

Unless otherwise indicated, heterocyclic rings and ring systems can beattached through any available carbon or nitrogen by replacement of ahydrogen on said carbon or nitrogen.

“Aromatic” indicates that each of the ring atoms is essentially in thesame plane and has a p-orbital perpendicular to the ring plane, and inwhich (4n+2) π electrons, where n is a positive integer, are associatedwith the ring to comply with Hückel's rule. The term “aromatic ringsystem” denotes a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system in which atleast one ring of the ring system is aromatic. When a fully unsaturatedcarbocyclic ring satisfies Hückel's rule, then said ring is also calledan “aromatic ring” or “aromatic carbocyclic ring”.

The term “aromatic carbocyclic ring system” denotes a carbocyclic ringsystem in which at least one ring of the ring system is aromatic. When afully unsaturated heterocyclic ring satisfies Hückel's rule, then saidring is also called a “heteroaromatic ring”, “aromatic heterocyclicring” or “heterocyclic aromatic ring”. The term “aromatic heterocyclicring system” denotes a heterocyclic ring system in which at least onering of the ring system is aromatic. The term “nonaromatic ring system”denotes a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system that may be fullysaturated, as well as partially or fully unsaturated, provided that noneof the rings in the ring system are aromatic. The term “nonaromaticcarbocyclic ring system” denotes a carbocyclic ring in which no ring inthe ring system is aromatic. The term “nonaromatic heterocyclic ringsystem” denotes a heterocyclic ring system in which no ring in the ringsystem is aromatic.

The term “optionally substituted” in connection with the heterocyclicrings refers to groups which are unsubstituted or have at least onenon-hydrogen substituent that does not extinguish the biologicalactivity possessed by the unsubstituted analog. As used herein, thefollowing definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. The term“optionally substituted” is used interchangeably with the phrase“substituted or unsubstituted” or with the term “(un)substituted” Unlessotherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group may have asubstituent at each substitutable position of the group, and eachsubstitution is independent of the other.

When a substituent is a 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containingheterocyclic ring, it may be attached to the remainder of Formula 1though any available carbon or nitrogen ring atom, unless otherwisedescribed. As noted above, R¹ can be (among others) phenyl optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents selected from a group ofsubstituents as defined in the Summary of Invention. An example ofphenyl optionally substituted with one to five substituents is the ringillustrated as U-1 in Exhibit 1, wherein R^(v) is R^(x) as defined inthe Summary of the Invention for R¹ and r is an integer from 0 to 5.

As noted above, R¹ can be (among others) a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclicaromatic ring, optionally substituted with one or more substituentsselected from a group of substituents as defined in the Summary ofInvention. Examples of a 5- or 6-membered unsaturated aromaticheterocyclic ring optionally substituted with from one or moresubstituents include the rings U-2 through U-61 illustrated in Exhibit 1wherein R^(v) is any substituent as defined in the Summary of theInvention for R¹ and r is an integer from 0 to 4, limited by the numberof available positions on each U group. As U-29, U-30, U-36, U-37, U-38,U-39, U-40, U-41, U-42 and U-43 have only one available position, forthese U groups r is limited to the integers 0 or 1, and r being 0 meansthat the U group is unsubstituted and a hydrogen is present at theposition indicated by (R^(v))_(r).

Although R^(v) groups are shown in the structures U-1 through U-61, itis noted that they do not need to be present since they are optionalsubstituents. Note that when R_(v) is H when attached to an atom, thisis the same as if said atom is unsubstituted. The nitrogen atoms thatrequire substitution to fill their valence are substituted with H orR^(v). Note that when the attachment point between (R^(v))_(r) and the Ugroup is illustrated as floating, (R^(v))_(r) can be attached to anyavailable carbon atom or nitrogen atom of the U group. Note that whenthe attachment point on the U group is illustrated as floating, the Ugroup can be attached to the remainder of Formula 1 through anyavailable carbon or nitrogen of the U group by replacement of a hydrogenatom. Note that some U groups can only be substituted with less than 4R^(v) groups (e.g., U-2 through U-5, U-7 through U-48, and U-52 throughU-61).

A wide variety of synthetic methods are known in the art to enablepreparation of aromatic and nonaromatic heterocyclic rings and ringsystems; for extensive reviews see the eight volume set of ComprehensiveHeterocyclic Chemistry, A. R. Katritzky and C. W. Rees editors-in-chief,Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984 and the twelve volume set of ComprehensiveHeterocyclic Chemistry II, A. R. Katritzky, C. W. Rees and E. F. V.Scriven editors-in-chief, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1996.

Compounds of this invention can exist as one or more stereoisomers.Stereoisomers are isomers of identical constitution but differing in thearrangement of their atoms in space and include enantiomers,diastereomers, cis-trans isomers (also known as geometric isomers) andatropisomers. Atropisomers result from restricted rotation about singlebonds where the rotational barrier is high enough to permit isolation ofthe isomeric species. One skilled in the art will appreciate that onestereoisomer may be more active and/or may exhibit beneficial effectswhen enriched relative to the other stereoisomer(s) or when separatedfrom the other stereoisomer(s). Additionally, the skilled artisan knowshow to separate, enrich, and/or to selectively prepare saidstereoisomers. For a comprehensive discussion of all aspects ofstereoisomerism, see Ernest L. Eliel and Samuel H. Wilen,Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

This invention comprises all stereoisomers, conformational isomers andmixtures thereof in all proportions as well as isotopic forms such asdeuterated compounds.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that not all nitrogen-containingheterocycles can form N-oxides since the nitrogen requires an availablelone pair for oxidation to the oxide; one skilled in the art willrecognize those nitrogen-containing heterocycles which can formN-oxides. One skilled in the art will also recognize that tertiaryamines can form N-oxides. Synthetic methods for the preparation ofN-oxides of heterocycles and tertiary amines are very well known by oneskilled in the art including the oxidation of heterocycles and tertiaryamines with peroxy acids such as peracetic and 3-chloroperbenzoic acid(MCPBA), hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides such as t-butylhydroperoxide, sodium perborate, and dioxiranes such asdimethyldioxirane. These methods for the preparation of N-oxides havebeen extensively described and reviewed in the literature, see forexample: T. L. Gilchrist in Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, vol. 7, pp748-750, S. V. Ley, Ed., Pergamon Press; M. Tisler and B. Stanovnik inComprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 3, pp 18-20, A. J. Boultonand A. McKillop, Eds., Pergamon Press; M. R. Grinmmett and B. R. T.Keene in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 43, pp 149-161, A. R.Katritzky, Ed., Academic Press; M. Tisler and B. Stanovnik in Advancesin Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 9, pp 285-291, A. R. Katritzky and A. J.Boulton, Eds., Academic Press; and G. W. H. Cheeseman and E. S. G.Werstiuk in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 22, pp 390-392, A.R. Katritzky and A. J. Boulton, Eds., Academic Press.

One skilled in the art recognizes that because in the environment andunder physiological conditions salts of chemical compounds are inequilibrium with their corresponding nonsalt forms, salts share thebiological utility of the nonsalt forms. Thus a wide variety of salts ofthe compounds of Formula 1 are useful for control of invertebrate pests.The salts of the compounds of Formula 1 include acid-addition salts withinorganic or organic acids such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, nitric,phosphoric, sulfuric, acetic, butyric, fumaric, lactic, maleic, malonic,oxalic, propionic, salicylic, tartaric, 4-toluenesulfonic or valericacids. When a compound of Formula 1 contains an acidic moiety such as acarboxylic acid or phenol, salts also include those formed with organicor inorganic bases such as pyridine, triethylamine or ammonia, oramides, hydrides, hydroxides or carbonates of sodium, potassium,lithium, calcium, magnesium or barium. Accordingly, the presentinvention comprises compounds selected from Formula 1, N-oxides andsuitable salts thereof.

Compounds selected from Formula 1, stereoisomers, tautomers, N-oxides,and salts thereof, typically exist in more than one form, and Formula 1thus includes all crystalline and non-crystalline forms of the compoundsthat Formula 1 represents. Non-crystalline forms include embodimentswhich are solids such as waxes and gums as well as embodiments which areliquids such as solutions and melts. Crystalline forms includeembodiments which represent essentially a single crystal type andembodiments which represent a mixture of polymorphs (i.e. differentcrystalline types). The term “polymorph” refers to a particularcrystalline form of a chemical compound that can crystallize indifferent crystalline forms, these forms having different arrangementsand/or conformations of the molecules in the crystal lattice. Althoughpolymorphs can have the same chemical composition, they can also differin composition due to the presence or absence of co-crystallized wateror other molecules, which can be weakly or strongly bound in thelattice. Polymorphs can differ in such chemical, physical and biologicalproperties as crystal shape, density, hardness, color, chemicalstability, melting point, hygroscopicity, suspensibility, dissolutionrate and biological availability. One skilled in the art will appreciatethat a polymorph of a compound represented by Formula 1 can exhibitbeneficial effects (e.g., suitability for preparation of usefulformulations, improved biological performance) relative to anotherpolymorph or a mixture of polymorphs of the same compound represented byFormula 1. Preparation and isolation of a particular polymorph of acompound represented by Formula 1 can be achieved by methods known tothose skilled in the art including, for example, crystallization usingselected solvents and temperatures. Compounds of this invention mayexist as one or more crystalline polymorphs. This invention comprisesboth individual polymorphs and mixtures of polymorphs, includingmixtures enriched in one polymorph relative to others. For acomprehensive discussion of polymorphism see R. Hilfiker, Ed.,Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006.

Embodiments of the present invention as described in the Summary of theInvention include those described below. In the following Embodiments,reference to “a compound of Formula 1” includes the definitions ofsubstituents specified in the Summary of the Invention unless furtherdefined in the Embodiments.

EMBODIMENT 1

A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 5- or 6-membered ring containingring members selected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatomsindependently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 3 N, whereinup to 2 carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O)and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selectedfrom S(═O)_(n), each ring unsubstituted or substituted with up to 3substituents independently selected from R³.

EMBODIMENT 2

A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 5-membered ring containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 3 N, wherein up to 2carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selected fromS(═O)_(n), each ring unsubstituted or substituted with up to 3substituents independently selected from R³.

EMBODIMENT 3

A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 6-membered ring containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 3 N, wherein up to 2carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selected fromS(═O)_(n), each ring unsubstituted or substituted with up to 3substituents independently selected from R³.

EMBODIMENT 4

A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 5-membered ring containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S, and up to 2 N, wherein up to 1carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selected fromS(═O)_(n), each ring unsubstituted or substituted with up to 3substituents independently selected from R³.

EMBODIMENT 5

A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 6-membered ring containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S, and up to 2 N, wherein up to 1carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selected fromS(═O)_(n), each ring unsubstituted or substituted with up to 3substituents independently selected from R³.

EMBODIMENT 6

A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 5-membered ring containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 2 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S, and up to 2 N, each ringunsubstituted or substituted with up to 3 substituents independentlyselected from R³.

EMBODIMENT 7

A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 6-membered ring containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 2 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S, and up to 2 N, each ringunsubstituted or substituted with up to 3 substituents independentlyselected from R³.

EMBODIMENT 8

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-1

wherein a is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

EMBODIMENT 8a

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-2

wherein R³ is F, Cl or CH₃, and a is 0 or 1.

EMBODIMENT 8b

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-3 (Formula 1-2wherein Z is a direct bond)

wherein R³ is F, Cl or CH₃, and a is 0 or 1.

EMBODIMENT 8c

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-4

EMBODIMENT 8d

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-5 (Formula 1-4wherein Z is a direct bond)

EMBODIMENT 9

A compound of Formula 1 wherein one of X and Y is oxygen and one issulfur.

EMBODIMENT 9a

A compound of Formula 1 wherein X and Y are oxygen.

EMBODIMENT 10

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a direct bond.

EMBODIMENT 11

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a 1- to 4-atom chain containingchain members selected from carbon atoms and up to 2 heteroatomsindependently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 2 N, whereinup to 2 carbon atom chain members are independently selected from C(═O)and C(═S) and the sulfur atom chain members are independently selectedfrom S(═O)_(n), each 1- to 4-atom chain being unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁵, orsubstituted with up to 9 halogen when R⁵ is halogen.

EMBODIMENT 12

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a 1- to 4-atom chain containingchain members selected from carbon atoms and up to 1 heteroatomindependently selected from O, S, and N, wherein up to 1 carbon atomchain member is independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and thesulfur atom chain members are independently selected from S(═O)_(n),each 1- to 4-atom chain being unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4substituents independently selected from R⁵, or substituted with up to 9halogen when R⁵ is halogen.

EMBODIMENT 13

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a 1- to 4-atom chain containingcarbon atoms wherein up to 1 carbon atom chain member is independentlyselected from C(═O) and C(═S), each 1- to 4-atom chain beingunsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituents independentlyselected from R⁵, or substituted with up to 9 halogen when R⁵ ishalogen.

EMBODIMENT 13a

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is CH₂.

EMBODIMENT 13b

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is O.

EMBODIMENT 14

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is H or halogen.

EMBODIMENT 14a

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is 1- to 4-carbon atom chainsubstituted with up to 8 halogen, and R¹ is H or halogen.

EMBODIMENT 14b

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is 1- to 4-carbon atom chainsubstituted with up to 8 F, and R¹ is H or F.

EMBODIMENT 14c

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is CH₂ and R¹ is halogen.

EMBODIMENT 14d

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is CH₂ and R¹ is Cl.

EMBODIMENT 15

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is a 3- to 10-membered ring or a 7-to 11-membered ring system, each ring or ring system containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 4 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 4 N, wherein up to 3carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selected fromS(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring or ring system unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 8 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 15a

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 15b

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a direct bond, and R¹ is C₃-C₇cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituentsindependently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 16

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is a 5- to 7-membered ring or a 7- to11-membered ring system, each ring or ring system containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 4 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 4 N, wherein up to 3carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selected fromS(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring or ring system unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 8 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 17

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is a 5- to 7-membered ring, each ringcontaining ring members selected from carbon atoms and up to 3heteroatoms independently selected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S, and up to3 N, wherein up to 1 carbon atom ring members are independently selectedfrom C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ring member is independentlyselected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 18

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is a 7- to 11-membered ring system,each ring system containing ring members selected from carbon atoms andup to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S,and up to 4 N, wherein up to 1 carbon atom ring members areindependently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ringmember is independently selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ringsystem unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituentsindependently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromaticring, each ring containing ring members selected from carbon atoms andup to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S,and up to 3 N, wherein up to 1 carbon atom ring members areindependently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ringmember is independently selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring isunsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituents independentlyselected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19a

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is phenyl; or R¹ is a 5- or6-membered heteroaromatic ring, each ring containing ring membersselected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S, and up to 3 N, wherein up to 1carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring member is independently selected fromS(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring is unsubstituted or substituted with upto 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19b

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is phenyl; or R¹ is a 6-memberedheteroaromatic ring containing ring members selected from carbon atomsand up to 3 N, each phenyl or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring beingunsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituents independentlyselected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19c

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, eachunsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituents independentlyselected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19d

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19e

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R¹ is pyridinyl, each unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19a1

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a direct bond, and R¹ is phenyl; orR¹ is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, each ring containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 1 O, up to 1 S, and up to 3 N, wherein up to 1carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring member is independently selected fromS(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring is unsubstituted or substituted with upto 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19b1

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a direct bond, and R¹ is phenyl; orR¹ is a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing ring members selectedfrom carbon atoms and up to 3 N, each phenyl or 6-memberedheteroaromatic ring being unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 9c1

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a direct bond, and R¹ is phenyl orpyridinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituentsindependently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19d1

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a direct bond, and R¹ is phenyl,unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituents independentlyselected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 19e1

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Z is a direct bond, and R¹ is pyridinyl,each unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituentsindependently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT 20

A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 19-19e1 wherein eachR⁴ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄ alkylthio, eachunsubstituted or substituted with halogen.

EMBODIMENT 21

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R^(2a) and R^(2b) are each independentlyH, halogen or C₁-C₂ alkyl; or R^(2a) and R^(2b) are taken together toform a 3- to 4-membered ring containing carbon atoms and up to oneheteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(n).

EMBODIMENT 21a

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R^(2a) and R^(2b) are each independentlyH or methyl.

EMBODIMENT 22

A compound of Formula 1 wherein R^(2a) and R^(2b) are H.

EMBODIMENT 23

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Q is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring,unsubstituted or substituted with up to 3 substituents independentlyselected from R⁶.

EMBODIMENT 24

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Q is a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring,unsubstituted or substituted with up to 3 substituents independentlyselected from R⁶.

EMBODIMENT 25

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Q is 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl,2-bromo-5-thiazolyl, 2-fluoro-5-thiazolyl, 2-methyl-5-thiazolyl,2-(difluoromethyl)-5-thiazolyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolyl or5-thiazolyl.

EMBODIMENT 26

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Q is 2-chloro-5-pyridinyl,2-fluoro-5-pyridinyl, 2-bromo-5-pyridinyl, 2-methyl-5-pyridinyl,2-(difluoromethyl)-5-pyridinyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-5-pyridinyl or3-pyridinyl.

EMBODIMENT 27

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Q is 5-pyrimidinyl,2-chloro-5-pyrimidinyl, 2-fluoro-5-pyrimidinyl, 2-bromo-5-pyrimidinyl,2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl, 2-(difluoromethyl)-5-pyrimidinyl or2-(trifluoromethyl)-5-pyrimidinyl.

EMBODIMENT 28

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Q is

EMBODIMENT 28a

A compound of Embodiment 28 wherein R⁶ is 1H, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl orC₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

EMBODIMENT 28b

A compound of Embodiment 28 wherein R⁶ is H, F, Cl, Br, CH₃, CHF₂ orCF₃.

EMBODIMENT 29

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Q is

EMBODIMENT 29a

A compound of Embodiment 29 wherein R⁶ is H, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl orC₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

EMBODIMENT 29b

A compound of Embodiment 29 wherein R⁶ is H, F, Cl, Br, CH₃, CHF₂ orCF₃.

EMBODIMENT 29c

A compound of Formula 1 wherein Q is 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl.

Embodiments of this invention, including Embodiments 1-29c above as wellas any other embodiments described herein, can be combined in anymanner, and the descriptions of variables in the embodiments pertain notonly to the compounds of Formula 1 but also to the starting compoundsand intermediate compounds useful for preparing the compounds ofFormula 1. In addition, embodiments of this invention, includingEmbodiments 1-29c above as well as any other embodiments describedherein, and any combination thereof, pertain to the compositions andmethods of the present invention.

Combinations of Embodiments 1-29c are illustrated by:

EMBODIMENT A

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-1

-   -   wherein a is 0, 1, 2 or 3;    -   R^(2a) and R^(2b) are H; and    -   Q is

EMBODIMENT A 1

The compound of Embodiment A wherein

-   -   R⁶ is H, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

EMBODIMENT A2

The compound of Embodiment A1 wherein

-   -   R⁶ is H, F, Cl, Br, CH₃, CHF₂ or CF₃.

EMBODIMENT B

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-3

-   -   wherein R³ is F, Cl or CH₃, and a is 0 or 1; and    -   R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted        with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT B1

The compound of Embodiment B wherein R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT B2

The compound of Embodiment B or B1, wherein

-   -   Q is

EMBODIMENT B3

The compound of Embodiment B2 wherein

-   -   R⁶ is H, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

EMBODIMENT B4

The compound of Embodiment B3 wherein Q is

EMBODIMENT B5

The compound of Embodiment B4 wherein

-   -   R⁶ is H, F, Cl, Br, CH₃, CHF₂ or CF₃.

EMBODIMENT B6

The compound of Embodiment B5 wherein

-   -   R⁶ is Cl.

EMBODIMENT C

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-5

-   -   wherein Q is

EMBODIMENT C1

The compound of Embodiment C wherein

-   -   R⁶ is H, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

EMBODIMENT C2

The compound of Embodiment C1 wherein

-   -   R⁶ is H, F, Cl, Br, CH₃, CHF₂ or CF₃.

EMBODIMENT C3

The compound of Embodiment C2 wherein

-   -   Q is Q-1; and    -   R⁶ is Cl.

EMBODIMENT D

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-5

-   -   wherein R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, each unsubstituted or        substituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected        from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT D1

The compound of Embodiment D wherein R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT D2

The compound of Embodiment D or D1, wherein

-   -   Q is

EMBODIMENT D3

The compound of Embodiment D2 wherein

-   -   R⁶ is H, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

EMBODIMENT D4

The compound of Embodiment D3 wherein Q is

EMBODIMENT D5

The compound of Embodiment D4 wherein

-   -   R⁶ is H, F, Cl, Br, CH₃, CHF₂ or CF₃.

EMBODIMENT D6

The compound of Embodiment D5 wherein

-   -   R⁶ is Cl.

EMBODIMENT D7

The compound of Embodiment D or D1, wherein

-   -   each R⁴ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄        alkylthio, each unsubstituted or substituted with halogen.

EMBODIMENT E

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-3

-   -   wherein R³ is F, Cl or CH₃, and a is 0 or 1;    -   R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted        with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴;    -   Q is

-   -    and    -   R⁶ is H, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

EMBODIMENT E1

A compound of Embodiment E wherein R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT F

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-3

-   -   wherein R³ is F, Cl or CH₃, and a is 0 or 1;    -   R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted        with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴;    -   Q is

-   -    and    -   R⁶ is H, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

EMBODIMENT F1

A compound of Embodiment F wherein R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT G

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-3

-   -   wherein R³ is F, Cl or CH₃, and a is 0 or 1;    -   R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted        with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴;    -   Q is

-   -    and    -   R⁶ is C₁.

EMBODIMENT G1

A compound of Embodiment G wherein R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT H

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-5

-   -   wherein R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, each unsubstituted or        substituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected        from R⁴;    -   each R⁴ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or C₁-C₄        alkylthio, each unsubstituted or substituted with halogen;    -   Q is

-   -    and    -   R⁶ is C₁.

EMBODIMENT H1

A compound of Embodiment H wherein R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT J

A compound of Formula 1 having the structure of Formula 1-1

-   -   wherein a is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

EMBODIMENT J1

A compound of Embodiment J wherein

-   -   X and Y are O;    -   R^(2a) and R^(2b) are H.

EMBODIMENT J2

A compound of Embodiment J1 wherein

-   -   Z is a direct bond; and    -   R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted        with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴.

EMBODIMENT J3

A compound of Embodiment J2 wherein

-   -   Q is

EMBODIMENT J4

A compound of Embodiment J3 wherein

-   -   R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4        substituents independently selected from R⁴;    -   R³ is F, Cl or CH₃;    -   a is 0 or 1; and    -   R⁶ is H, F, Cl, Br, CH₃, CHF₂ or CF₃.

Specific embodiments include compounds of Formula 1 selected from thegroup consisting of compounds 1, 3, 5, 6, 16, 25, 27, 28 and 29. Furtherspecific embodiments include compounds of Formula 1 selected from thegroup consisting of compounds 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 16, 21, 25, 27, 28, 29, 43,46, 47, 48, 50, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63 and 81. Further specific embodimentsinclude compounds of Formula 1 selected from the group consisting ofcompounds 3, 6, 25, 48, 57, 72, 76, 92, 94, 98, 121 and 127. Compoundnumbers refer to Index Table A.

Of note is that compounds of this invention are characterized byfavorable metabolic and/or soil residual patterns and exhibit activitycontrolling a spectrum of agronomic and nonagronomic invertebrate pests.

Of particular note, for reasons of invertebrate pest control spectrumand economic importance, protection of agronomic crops from damage orinjury caused by invertebrate pests by controlling invertebrate pestsare embodiments of the invention. Compounds of this invention because oftheir favorable translocation properties or systemicity in plants alsoprotect foliar or other plant parts which are not directly contactedwith a compound of Formula 1 or a composition comprising the compound.

Also noteworthy as embodiments of the present invention are compositionscomprising a compound of any of the preceding Embodiments, as well asany other embodiments described herein, and any combinations thereof,and at least one additional component selected from the group consistingof a surfactant, a solid diluent and a liquid diluent, said compositionsoptionally further comprising at least one additional biologicallyactive compound or agent.

Further noteworthy as embodiments of the present invention arecompositions for controlling an invertebrate pest comprising a compoundof any of the preceding Embodiments, as well as any other embodimentsdescribed herein, and any combinations thereof, and at least oneadditional component selected from the group consisting of a surfactant,a solid diluent and a liquid diluent, said compositions optionallyfurther comprising at least one additional biologically active compoundor agent. Embodiments of the invention further include methods forcontrolling an invertebrate pest comprising contacting the invertebratepest or its environment with a biologically effective amount of acompound of any of the preceding Embodiments (e.g., as a compositiondescribed herein).

Embodiments of the invention also include a composition comprising acompound of any of the preceding Embodiments, in the form of a soildrench liquid formulation. Embodiments of the invention further includemethods for controlling an invertebrate pest comprising contacting thesoil with a liquid composition as a soil drench comprising abiologically effective amount of a compound of any of the precedingEmbodiments.

Embodiments of the invention also include a spray composition forcontrolling an invertebrate pest comprising a biologically effectiveamount of a compound of any of the preceding Embodiments and apropellant. Embodiments of the invention further include a baitcomposition for controlling an invertebrate pest comprising abiologically effective amount of a compound of any of the precedingEmbodiments, one or more food materials, optionally an attractant, andoptionally a humectant. Embodiments of the invention also include adevice for controlling an invertebrate pest comprising said baitcomposition and a housing adapted to receive said bait composition,wherein the housing has at least one opening sized to permit theinvertebrate pest to pass through the opening so the invertebrate pestcan gain access to said bait composition from a location outside thehousing, and wherein the housing is further adapted to be placed in ornear a locus of potential or known activity for the invertebrate pest.

Embodiments of the invention also include methods for protecting a seedfrom an invertebrate pest comprising contacting the seed with abiologically effective amount of a compound of any of the precedingEmbodiments.

Embodiments of the invention also include methods for protecting ananimal from an invertebrate parasitic pest comprising administering tothe animal a parasiticidally effective amount of a compound of any ofthe preceding Embodiments.

Embodiments of the invention also include methods for controlling aninvertebrate pest comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or itsenvironment with a biologically effective amount of a compound ofFormula 1, an N-oxide or a salt thereof, (e.g., as a compositiondescribed herein), provided that the methods are not methods of medicaltreatment of a human or animal body by therapy.

This invention also relates to such methods wherein the invertebratepest or its environment is contacted with a composition comprising abiologically effective amount of a compound of Formula 1, an N-oxide ora salt thereof and at least one additional component selected from thegroup consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents,said composition optionally further comprising a biologically effectiveamount of at least one additional biologically active compound or agent,provided that the methods are not methods of medical treatment of ahuman or animal body by therapy.

The compounds of Formula 1 can be prepared by one or more of thefollowing methods and variations as described in Schemes 1-4. Thedefinitions of substituents in the compounds of Formulae 1-7 below areas defined above in the Summary of the Invention unless otherwise noted.Compounds of Formulae 1a are subsets of the compounds of Formula 1, andall substituents for Formulae 1a are as defined above for Formula 1. Thefollowing abbreviations may be used: DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide, andDBU is 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.

Compounds of Formula 1a (compounds of Formula 1 wherein X and Y are O)can be prepared from compounds of Formula 2 by the method shown inScheme 1. In this method, a compound of Formula 2 is treated with anacid chloride of Formula 3a or an acid anhydride of Formula 3b in thepresence of a base, and the resulting reaction mixture may be optionallyheated. Typical reaction solvents include acetonitrile, dichloromethane,ethyl acetate, toluene, dichloroethane, tetrahydrofuran and DMF. Typicalreaction temperatures range from 25° C. to 100° C. Typical bases usefulin this step include cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, DBU,N,N-diisopropylethylamine and triethylamine.

Compounds of Formula 1a (compounds of Formula 1 wherein X and Y are 0)can also be prepared from compounds of Formula 2 by the two-step methodshown in Scheme 2. In this method, a compound of Formula 2a is preparedby either acidic or basic hydrolysis of a compound of Formula 2. In thecase of basic hydrolysis, typical bases include alkali metal ortetraalkylammonium hydroxides, and typical solvents include water,methanol, ethanol and isopropanol or mixtures thereof. Typical reactiontemperatures range from 0 C to the reflux temperature of the reactionsolvent. In the case of acidic hydrolysis, typical solvents includeprotic solvents such as water, methanol or ethanol, or aprotic solventssuch as tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane or dichloroethane. Typicalacids include trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid. Typicalreaction temperatures range from −20° C. to the reflux temperature ofthe reaction solvent. The compound of Formula 1a is then prepared fromthe compound of Formula 2a by the method described in Scheme 1.

Compounds of Formula 2 can be prepared from compounds of Formula 4 bythe method shown in Scheme 3. In this method, a compound of Formula 4 isalkylated by treatment with Q-C(R^(2a))(R^(2b))X (Formula 5) wherein Xis a leaving group such as chloro, bromo, iodo or sulfonate in thepresence of a base. Typical reaction solvents include acetonitrile,dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dichloroethane,ethanol, isopropanol and DMF. Typical reaction temperatures range from25° C. to 100° C. Typical bases useful in this step include sodiumhydride, cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, DBU,N,N-diisopropylethylamine and triethylamine.

Compounds of Formula 4 can be prepared from compounds of Formula 7 bythe two-step method shown in Scheme 3. In the first step of this method,a compound of Formula 7 is treated with a C₁-C₄ alkyl chloro- orbromoacetate in the presence of a base to yield the compound of Formula6. Typical reaction solvents include acetonitrile, dichloromethane,ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, tetrahydrofuran DMF; typical reactiontemperatures range from −30° C. to 50° C. Typical bases useful in thisstep include sodium hydride, cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, DBU,N,N-diisopropylethylamine and triethylamine. In the second step of thismethod, the acetate protecting group of the compound of Formula 6 isremoved either by acidic or basic hydrolysis to yield the compounds ofFormula 4.

Compounds of Formula 1 wherein X or Y is S can be prepared fromcompounds of Formula 1a by treatment with a thionating reagent such asP₄S₁₀ or Lawessen's Reagent(2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane 2,4-disulfide).

It is recognized that some reagents and reaction conditions describedabove for preparing compounds of Formula 1 may not be compatible withcertain functionalities present in the intermediates. In theseinstances, the incorporation of protection/deprotection sequences orfunctional group interconversions into the synthesis will aid inobtaining the desired products. The use and choice of the protectinggroups will be apparent to one skilled in chemical synthesis (see, forexample, Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1991). One skilled in the art willrecognize that, in some cases, after introduction of the reagentsdepicted in the individual schemes, additional routine synthetic stepsnot described in detail may be needed to complete the synthesis ofcompounds of Formula 1. One skilled in the art will also recognize thatit may be necessary to perform a combination of the steps illustrated inthe above schemes in an order other than that implied by the particularsequence presented to prepare the compounds of Formula 1.

One skilled in the art will also recognize that compounds of Formula 1and the intermediates described herein can be subjected to variouselectrophilic, nucleophilic, radical, organometallic, oxidation, andreduction reactions to add substituents or modify existing substituents.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the artusing the preceding description can utilize the present invention to itsfullest extent. The following Synthesis Examples are, therefore, to beconstrued as merely illustrative, and not limiting of the disclosure inany way whatsoever. Steps in the following Synthesis Examples illustratea procedure for each step in an overall synthetic transformation, andthe starting material for each step may not have necessarily beenprepared by a particular preparative run whose procedure is described inother Examples or Steps. Percentages are by weight except forchromatographic solvent mixtures or where otherwise indicated. Parts andpercentages for chromatographic solvent mixtures are by volume unlessotherwise indicated. 1H NM R spectra are reported in ppm downfield fromtetramethylsilane; “s” means singlet, “d” means doublet, “t” meanstriplet, “q” means quartet, “m” means multiplet, “dd” means doublet ofdoublets, “dt” means doublet of triplets, “br s” means broad singlet.DMF means N,N-dimethylformamide. Compound numbers refer to Index TableA.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of2-benzoyl-1-[(2-chloro-5-thiazolyl)methyl]-3-hydroxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridiniumInner Salt (compound 1) Step A: Preparation ofN-formyl-N-2-pyridinylglycine methyl ester

N-2-pyridinylformamide (9.7 g, 0.1 mol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF(100 mL) and cooled in an ice water bath. Sodium hydride (60% dispersionin mineral oil, 6.0 g, 0.15 mol) was added portionwise; after theaddition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred with continuedcooling for 10 minutes. Methyl bromoacetate (14.1 mL, 22.8 g, 0.15 mol)was added dropwise, and the reaction mixture was then stirred for 30minutes with ice bath cooling. The reaction mixture was then quenchedcarefully with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, andextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washedwith brine, dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentrated to a colorlessoil (12.5 g) which was used in the next step without furtherpurification.

Step B: Preparation of N-2-pyridinylglycine methyl ester

N-formyl-N-2-pyridinylglycine methyl ester (5.5 g, 28.4 mmol) wasdissolved in a solution of 2.75 mL concentrated hydrochloric acid and 30mL methanol and stirred overnight at ambient temperature. The reactionmixture was then concentrated and partitioned between saturated aqueoussodium bicarbonate solution and ethyl acetate. The organic layer wasseparated, dried (magnesium sulfate), and concentrated to yield 4.2 g ofthe title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.14 (d, 1H), 7.42 (t,1H), 6.61 (t, 1H), 6.49 (d, 1H), 5.06 (br s, 1H), 4.21 (d, 2H), 3.77 (s,3H).

Step C: Preparation ofN-[(2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methyl]-N-2-pyridinylglycine methyl Ester

N-2-pyridinylglycine methyl ester (1.65 g, 10 mmol),2-chloro-5-(chloromethyl)thiazole (2.52 g, 15 mmol), tetrabutylammoniumiodide (0.37 g, 1 mmol) and N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (2.6 g,3.4 mL, 20 mmol) were dissolved in dry acetonitrile (15 mL) and heatedat 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was then chromatographed onsilica gel using a gradient of 0-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield1.1 g of the title compound. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.22 (d, 1H),7.52 (t, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 6.72 (t, 1H), 6.56 (d, 1H), 4.91 (s, 2H),4.22 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H).

Step D: Preparation of2-benzoyl-1-[(2-chloro-5-thiazolyl)methyl]-3-hydroxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridiniumInner Salt

N-[(2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methyl]-N-2-pyridinylglycine methyl ester (298rag, 1 mmol) and finely ground potassium carbonate (165 mg, 1.2 mmol)were added to acetonitrile (20 mL), followed by the addition of benzoylchloride (0.35 mL, 0.42 g, 3 mmol), and the reaction mixture was heatedat 80° C. overnight. A further portion of benzoyl chloride (0.35 mL,0.42 g, 3 mmol) was added, and heating was continued overnight. Thereaction mixture was then cooled, filtered, concentrated, and theresulting residue was chromatographed on silica gel using a gradient of0-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield 110 mg of the title compound, acompound of this invention. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.41 (d, 1H),7.92 (m, 2H), 7.72 (t, 11H), 7.64 (s, 11H), 7.52 (t, 1H), 7.46-7.48 (m,3H), 7.01 (t, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H).

Specific compounds of Formula 1, prepared by the methods and variationsas described in preceding Schemes 1-4 and Synthesis Example 1, are shownin the Index Table below. The following abbreviations may be used: Cmpdmeans Compound, t is tertiary, c is cyclo, Me is methyl, Et is ethyl andPh is phenyl. The abbreviation “Ex.” stands for “Example” and isfollowed by a number indicating in which Synthesis Example the compoundis prepared. For mass spectral data (AP⁺ (M+1)), the numerical valuereported is the molecular weight of the parent molecular ion (M) formedby addition of H (molecular weight of 1) to the molecule to give a M+1peak observed by mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemicalionization (AP⁺). The alternate molecular ion peaks (e.g., M+2 or M+4)that occur with compounds containing multiple halogens are not reported.

INDEX TABLE A

Cmpd. No. R Z R¹ O MS data  1 — direct bond phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl370.4  2 — direct bond 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl438.4  3 — —CF₂— F 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 362.4  4 — —CH₂O— phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 400.5  5 — direct bond 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 438.3  6 — —CF₂CF₂— F 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 412.2  7— —CF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂— F 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 512.1  8 — direct bond4-(benzyloxy)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 476.2  9 — direct bond3-(benzyloxy)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 476.2  10 — —CH₂— phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 384.3  11 — —CHF— F 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 344.2  12— —CF₂— phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 420.3  13 — —CH₂—3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 452.3  14 — —CH₂—4-(benzyloxy)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 490.3  15 — direct bond6-chloro-3-pyridinyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 405.1  16 — direct bond2-methoxy-4-pyridinyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 401.3  17 — —CH₂—4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 452.2  18 — direct bond3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 454.2  19 — direct bond3,5-dichlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 438.1  20 — direct bond3,4-dichlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 438.0  21 — direct bond2,4-dichlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 438.1  22 — direct bond3-methylphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 384.2  21 — direct bond4-methylphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 384.2  24 — direct bond4-(trifluoromethylthio)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 470.2  25 — directbond 3-chlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 404.0  26 — direct bond4-chlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 404.0  27 — direct bond2-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 388.1  28 — direct bond3-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 388.1  29 — direct bond4-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 388.1  30 — direct bond6-chloro-2-pyridinyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 406  31 — —O— phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 386.0  32 — direct bond 5-chloro-2-pyridinyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 406  33 — direct bond 3-methoxyphenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 400.1  34 — direct bond 4-methoxyphenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 400.2  35 — direct bond 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 454.1  36 — direct bond 4-(isopentyloxy)phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 456.2  37 — direct bond 4-(phenacyloxy)phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 504.2  38 — direct bond 2-chloro-3-thienyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 411  39 — direct bond 2-pyridinyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 371  40 7-Me direct bond phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 384.1  41 7-Me direct bond3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 452.1  42 — direct bond3-(trifluoromethylthio)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 470.2  43 — directbond 2,3-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 406.2  44 — direct bond2,3-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 406.2  45 — direct bond2,3-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 406.2  46 — direct bond2,6-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 406.2  47 — direct bond3,5-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 406.2  48 — direct bond2,4,6-trifluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 424.1  49 — direct bond4-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 418.2  50 — direct bond2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 418.2  51 — direct bond3,5-dimethoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 430.2  52 — direct bond3-phenoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 462.2  53 — direct bond4-phenoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 462.3  54 — direct bond3-(2-methoxy-2- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 442.3 oxoethyl)phenyl  55 — directbond 3-bromo-5-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 466.1  56 — direct bond2-fluoro-5- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 472.2 (trifluoromethoxy)phenyl  57 —direct bond 4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 482.1  58 —direct bond 3-fluoro-5- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 471.2(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl  59 — direct bond 3-[[[2-(trifluoromethyl)-4-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 531.4 pyridinyl]oxy]phenyl  60 — direct bond4-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 490.4  61 — direct bond2,3,6-trifluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 424.2  62 — direct bond2,6-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 436.3  63 — directbond 4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 484.2  64 — directbond 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 443.3  65 — directbond 3-chloro-5- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 488.3 (trifluoromethoxy)phenyl  66— direct bond 5-chloro-2-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 422.3  67 —direct bond 5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 478.3  68 —direct bond 4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 466.2  69 —direct bond 2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 422.3  70 —direct bond 4-(2-methoxyethoxy)phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 444.4  71 —direct bond 4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 422.2  72 —direct bond 5-bromo-2-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 466.2  73 —direct bond 3-[(6-chloro-3- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 511.4pyridinyl)methoxy]phenyl  74 — direct bond 4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 442.2 ethyl)phenyl  75 — direct bond2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 422.2  76 — direct bond2,5-dimethoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 430.3  77 — direct bond2-chloro-4-cyanophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 429.3  78 — direct bond2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 442.3  79 — direct bond2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 472.3  80 7- O phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 399.9 methyl  81 — direct bond cyclopropyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 333.9  82 — —CH═CH— phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl396.9  83 — direct bond cyclobutyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 348.2  84 ——CH₂— Cl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 341.9  85 — —CH₂— 3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 442.2 pyrazolyl  86 — —CH₂— 4-chloro-1-imidazolyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 407.9  87 — direct bond 2-chloro-3-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 472.3 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl  88 — direct bond2-chloro-4- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 482.3 (methylsulfonyl)phenyl  89 —direct bond 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 459.31-thiazolyl  90 — direct bond 4-cyano-2-methylphenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 409.3  91 — direct bond 4-cyano-2-fluorophenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 413.3  92 — direct bond 2-fluoro-4-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 456.3 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl  93 — direct bond2,6-difluoro-4- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 474.3 (trilluoromethyl)phenyl  94 —direct bond 2-naphthalenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 420.2  95 — direct bond6-isoquinolinyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 421.2  96 — direct bond2,4-dichloro-6-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 458.3  97 — direct bond1-methyl-5-(triftuoromethyl)- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 442.4 4-pyrazolyl  98— —OCH₂CH₂— H 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 338.1 100 — —CH₂CH₂CF₂— Cl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 406.1 101 — —CH₂— 3-chloro-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 409.1 102 — direct bond 6-quinolinyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 421.2 103 — —CH₂NH— cyclopropyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 363.1 104 — direct bond 3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 414.2 105 — direct bond 3,3-difluorocyclobutyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 384 106 — direct bond 4-bromo-2,2,5,6-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 570.3 tetrafluorophenyl 107 — direct bondcyclohexyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 376.1 108 — direct bond 3-isoxazolyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 361 109 — direct bond 4-thiazolyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 377 110 — —C(O)OCH₂— H 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 352.1111 — —C(O)OCH₂CH₂— H 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 366.1 112 — —O—4-chlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 420.1 113 — —OCH₂— H2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 324.1 114 — direct bond 2,3-(methylenedioxy)phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 414.1 115 — direct bond2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 450.1 4-yl 116 ——C(O)NH— cyclopropyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 377 117 — —C(O)— phenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 398.1 118 — direct bond 4-cyano-2,6-difluorophenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 431.1 119 — direct bond 4-cyano-2,6-difluorophenyl2-bromo-5-thiazolyl 475.4 120 — direct bond 4-cyano-2-fluorophenyl2-bromo-5-thiazolyl 457.4 121 — direct bond 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 490.4 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl 122 — direct bond2,4,6-trifluorophenyl 2-bromo-5-thiazolyl 468.4 123 — direct bond3-bromo-5-chlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 482.3 124 — direct bond4-bromo-2,6-dichlorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 500.3 125 — direct bond3-bromo-4,6-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 484.1 126 — direct bond1-naphthalenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 428.1 127 — direct bond2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 428.1 5-yl 128 —direct bond 4-fluoro-1-naphthalenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 438.2 129 —direct bond 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 424 naphthalenyl130 — direct bond 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl450.1 5-yl 131 — direct bond 5-benzofuranyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 410 132— —C(O)O— hydrogen 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 424 133 — —NH— cyclopropyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 292 134 — —O— hydrogen 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 309.9135 — —NHCH₂CF₂— F 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 419 136 — —C(O)NH—4-fluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 431 137 — —CH₂—3-cyano-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 400.1 138 — —CH₂—3-carbomethoxy-1,2,4-triazol- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 433.1 1-yl 139 ——CH₂— 3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 454.9 140 — —CH₂—3-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 389.1 141 — direct bond5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 511.9 naphthalenyl 142 —direct bond 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 428 6-yl143 — —CH₂— 4-chloro-1-pyrazolyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 408 144 — —CH₂—3-carbomethoxy-1-pyrazolyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 446.1 145 — —CH₂NH—phenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 399 146 — —CH₂NH— 4-fluorophenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 417 147 — —CH₂— 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 376.1 148 — —CH₂— 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 375 149 — —CH₂— 1,2,5-triazol-1-yl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 374.9 150 — —NH— 4-fluorophenyl2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 292 151 — direct bond 3-methoxy-5-(3-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 486 methylbutoxy)phenyl 152 — direct bond5-butoxy-3-methoxyphenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 472 153 — direct bond3-methoxy-5-(2- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 520 phenylethoxy)phenyl 154 —direct bond 3-methoxy-5-(2- 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 472methylpropoxy)phenyl 155 — direct bond 3-methoxy-5-(2-2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 474 methoxyethoxy)phenyl 156 — —C(O)—4.-bromo-2,6-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 511.9 157 — —C(O)—2,4,6-trifluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 452 158 — —C(O)—2,6-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 433.9 159 — —C(O)—6-bromo-2,4-difluorophenyl 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl 511.9

A compound of this invention will generally be used as an invertebratepest control active ingredient in a composition, i.e. formulation, withat least one additional component selected from the group consisting ofsurfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents, which serves as acarrier. The formulation or composition ingredients are selected to beconsistent with the physical properties of the active ingredient, modeof application and environmental factors such as soil type, moisture andtemperature.

Useful formulations include both liquid and solid compositions. Liquidcompositions include solutions (including emulsifiable concentrates),suspensions, emulsions (including microemulsions, oil in wateremulsions, flowable concentrates and/or suspoemulsions) and the like,which optionally can be thickened into gels. The general types ofaqueous liquid compositions are soluble concentrate, suspensionconcentrate, capsule suspension, concentrated emulsion, microemulsion,oil in water emulsion, flowable concentrate and suspoemulsion. Thegeneral types of nonaqueous liquid compositions are emulsifiableconcentrate, microemulsifiable concentrate, dispersible concentrate andoil dispersion.

The general types of solid compositions are dusts, powders, granules,pellets, prills, pastilles, tablets, filled films (including seedcoatings) and the like, which can be water-dispersible (“wettable”) orwater-soluble. Films and coatings formed from film-forming solutions orflowable suspensions are particularly useful for seed treatment. Activeingredient can be (micro)encapsulated and further formed into asuspension or solid formulation; alternatively the entire formulation ofactive ingredient can be encapsulated (or “overcoated”). Encapsulationcan control or delay release of the active ingredient. An emulsifiablegranule combines the advantages of both an emulsifiable concentrateformulation and a dry granular formulation. High-strength compositionsare primarily used as intermediates for further formulation.

Sprayable formulations are typically extended in a suitable mediumbefore spraying. Such liquid and solid formulations are formulated to bereadily diluted in the spray medium, usually water, but occasionallyanother suitable medium like an aromatic or paraffinic hydrocarbon orvegetable oil. Spray volumes can range from about one to severalthousand liters per hectare, but more typically are in the range fromabout ten to several hundred liters per hectare. Sprayable formulationscan be tank mixed with water or another suitable medium for foliartreatment by aerial or ground application, or for application to thegrowing medium of the plant. Liquid and dry formulations can be metereddirectly into drip irrigation systems or metered into the furrow duringplanting. Liquid and solid formulations can be applied onto seeds ofcrops and other desirable vegetation as seed treatments before plantingto protect developing roots and other subterranean plant parts and/orfoliage through systemic uptake.

The formulations will typically contain effective amounts of activeingredient, diluent and surfactant within the following approximateranges which add up to 100 percent by weight.

Weight Percent Active Ingredient Diluent Surfactant Water-Dispersibleand Water- 0.001-90       0-99.999 0-15 soluble Granules, Tablets andPowders Oil Dispersions, Suspensions, 1-50 40-99 0-50 Emulsions,Solutions (including Emulsifiable Concentrates) Dusts 1-25 70-99 0-5 Granules and Pellets 0.001-99       5-99.999 0-15 High StrengthCompositions 90-99   0-10 0-2 

Solid diluents include, for example, clays such as bentonite,montmorillonite, attapulgite and kaolin, gypsum, cellulose, titaniumdioxide, zinc oxide, starch, dextrin, sugars (e.g., lactose, sucrose),silica, talc, mica, diatomaceous earth, urea, calcium carbonate, sodiumcarbonate and bicarbonate, and sodium sulfate. Typical solid diluentsare described in Watkins et al., Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluentsand Carriers, 2nd Ed., Dorland Books, Caldwell, N.J.

Liquid diluents include, for example, water, N,N-dimethylalkanamides(e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide), limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide,N-alkylpyrrolidones (e.g., N-methylpyrrolidinone), alkyl phosphates(e.g., triethylphosphate), ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol,propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, propylenecarbonate, butylene carbonate, paraffins (e.g., white mineral oils,normal paraffins, isoparaffins), alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes,glycerine, glycerol triacetate, sorbitol, aromatic hydrocarbons,dearomatized aliphatics, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, ketones suchas cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, isophorone and4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetates such as isoamyl acetate, hexylacetate, heptyl acetate, octyl acetate, nonyl acetate, tridecyl acetateand isobornyl acetate, other esters such as alkylated lactate esters,dibasic esters alkyl and aryl benzoates, γ-butyrolactone, and alcohols,which can be linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated, such asmethanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, isobutylalcohol, n-hexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, n-octanol, decanol, isodecylalcohol, isooctadecanol, cetyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, tridecylalcohol, oleyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol,diacetone alcohol, cresol and benzyl alcohol. Liquid diluents alsoinclude glycerol esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids(typically C₆-C₂₂), such as plant seed and fruit oils (e.g., oils ofolive, castor, linseed, sesame, corn (maize), peanut, sunflower,grapeseed, safflower, cottonseed, soybean, rapeseed, coconut and palmkernel), animal-sourced fats (e.g., beef tallow, pork tallow, lard, codliver oil, fish oil), and mixtures thereof. Liquid diluents also includealkylated fatty acids (e.g., methylated, ethylated, butylated) whereinthe fatty acids may be obtained by hydrolysis of glycerol esters fromplant and animal sources, and can be purified by distillation. Typicalliquid diluents are described in Marsden, Solvents Guide, 2nd Ed.,Interscience, New York, 1950.

The solid and liquid compositions of the present invention often includeone or more surfactants. When added to a liquid, surfactants (also knownas “surface-active agents”) generally modify, most often reduce, thesurface tension of the liquid. Depending on the nature of thehydrophilic and lipophilic groups in a surfactant molecule, surfactantscan be useful as wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers or defoamingagents.

Surfactants can be classified as nonionic, anionic or cationic. Nonionicsurfactants useful for the present compositions include, but are notlimited to: alcohol alkoxylates such as alcohol alkoxylates based onnatural and synthetic alcohols (which may be branched or linear) andprepared from the alcohols and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butyleneoxide or mixtures thereof; amine ethoxylates, alkanolamides andethoxylated alkanolamides; alkoxylated triglycerides such as ethoxylatedsoybean, castor and rapeseed oils; alkylphenol alkoxylates such asoctylphenol ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, dinonyl phenolethoxylates and dodecyl phenol ethoxylates (prepared from the phenolsand ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixturesthereof); block polymers prepared from ethylene oxide or propylene oxideand reverse block polymers where the terminal blocks are prepared frompropylene oxide; ethoxylated fatty acids; ethoxylated fatty esters andoils; ethoxylated methyl esters; ethoxylated tristyrylphenol (includingthose prepared from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide ormixtures thereof); fatty acid esters, glycerol esters, lanolin-basedderivatives, polyethoxylate esters such as polyethoxylated sorbitanfatty acid esters, polyethoxylated sorbitol fatty acid esters andpolyethoxylated glycerol fatty acid esters; other sorbitan derivativessuch as sorbitan esters; polymeric surfactants such as randomcopolymers, block copolymers, alkyd peg (polyethylene glycol) resins,graft or comb polymers and star polymers; polyethylene glycols (pegs);polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters; silicone-based surfactants; andsugar-derivatives such as sucrose esters, alkyl polyglycosides and alkylpolysaccharides.

Useful anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to: alkylarylsulfonic acids and their salts; carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenolethoxylates; diphenyl sulfonate derivatives; lignin and ligninderivatives such as lignosulfonates; maleic or succinic acids or theiranhydrides; olefin sulfonates; phosphate esters such as phosphate estersof alcohol alkoxylates, phosphate esters of alkylphenol alkoxylates andphosphate esters of styryl phenol ethoxylates; protein-basedsurfactants; sarcosine derivatives; styryl phenol ether sulfate;sulfates and sulfonates of oils and fatty acids; sulfates and sulfonatesof ethoxylated alkylphenols; sulfates of alcohols; sulfates ofethoxylated alcohols; sulfonates of amines and amides such asN,N-alkyltaurates; sulfonates of benzene, cumene, toluene, xylene, anddodecyl and tridecyibenzenes; sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes;sulfonates of naphthalene and alkyl naphthalene; sulfonates offractionated petroleum; sulfosuccinamates; and sulfosuccinates and theirderivatives such as dialkyl sulfosuccinate salts.

Useful cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to: amides andethoxylated amides; amines such as N-alkyl propanediamines,tripropylenetriamines and dipropylenetetramines, and ethoxylated amines,ethoxylated diamines and propoxylated amines (prepared from the aminesand ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixturesthereof); amine salts such as amine acetates and diamine salts;quaternary ammonium salts such as quaternary salts, ethoxylatedquaternary salts and diquaternary salts; and amine oxides such asalkyldimethylamine oxides and bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylamine oxides.

Also useful for the present compositions are mixtures of nonionic andanionic surfactants or mixtures of nonionic and cationic surfactants.Nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants and their recommended usesare disclosed in a variety of published references includingMcCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents, annual American andInternational Editions published by McCutcheon's Division, TheManufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.; Sisely and Wood, Encyclopediaof Surface Active Agents, Chemical Publ. Co., Inc., New York, 1964; andA. S. Davidson and B. Milwidsky, Synthetic Detergents, Seventh Edition,John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987.

Compositions of this invention may also contain formulation auxiliariesand additives, known to those skilled in the art as formulation aids(some of which may be considered to also function as solid diluents,liquid diluents or surfactants). Such formulation auxiliaries andadditives may control: pH (buffers), foaming during processing(antifoams such polyorganosiloxanes), sedimentation of activeingredients (suspending agents), viscosity (thixotropic thickeners),in-container microbial growth (antimicrobials), product freezing(antifreezes), color (dyes/pigment dispersions), wash-off (film formersor stickers), evaporation (evaporation retardants), and otherformulation attributes. Film formers include, for example, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinylacetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers andwaxes. Examples of formulation auxiliaries and additives include thoselisted in McCutcheon's Volume 2: Functional Materials, annualInternational and North American editions published by McCutcheon'sDivision, The Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.; and PCTPublication WO 03/024222.

The compound of Formula 1 and any other active ingredients are typicallyincorporated into the present compositions by dissolving the activeingredient in a solvent or by grinding in a liquid or dry diluent.Solutions, including emulsifiable concentrates, can be prepared bysimply mixing the ingredients. If the solvent of a liquid compositionintended for use as an emulsifiable concentrate is water-immiscible, anemulsifier is typically added to emulsify the active-containing solventupon dilution with water. Active ingredient slurries, with particlediameters of up to 2,000 μm can be wet milled using media mills toobtain particles with average diameters below 3 μm. Aqueous slurries canbe made into finished suspension concentrates (see, for example, U.S.Pat. No. 3,060,084) or further processed by spray drying to formwater-dispersible granules. Dry formulations usually require dry millingprocesses, which produce average particle diameters in the 2 to 10 μmrange. Dusts and powders can be prepared by blending and usuallygrinding (such as with a hammer mill or fluid-energy mill). Granules andpellets can be prepared by spraying the active material upon preformedgranular carriers or by agglomeration techniques. See Browning,“Agglomeration”, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 4, 1967, pp 147-48, Perry'sChemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963,pages 8-57 and following, and WO 91/13546. Pellets can be prepared asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,714. Water-dispersible andwater-soluble granules can be prepared as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,144,050, 3,920,442 and DE 3,246,493. Tablets can be prepared as taughtin U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,180,587, 5,232,701 and 5,208,030. Films can beprepared as taught in GB 2,095,558 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,299,566.

For further information regarding the art of formulation, see T. S.Woods, “The Formulator's Toolbox—Product Forms for Modem Agriculture” inPesticide Chemistry and Bioscience, The Food-Environment Challenge, T.Brooks and T. R. Roberts, Eds., Proceedings of the 9th InternationalCongress on Pesticide Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry,Cambridge, 1999, pp. 120-133. See also U.S. Pat. No. 3,235,361, Col. 6,line 16 through Col. 7, line 19 and Examples 10-41; U.S. Pat. No.3,309,192, Col. 5, line 43 through Col. 7, line 62 and Examples 8, 12,15, 39, 41, 52, 53, 58, 132, 138-140, 162-164, 166, 167 and 169-182;U.S. Pat. No. 2,891,855, Col. 3, line 66 through Col. 5, line 17 andExamples 1-4; Klingman, Weed Control as a Science, John Wiley and Sons,Inc., New York, 1961, pp 81-96; Hance et al., Weed Control Handbook, 8thEd., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1989; and Developmentsin formulation technology, PJB Publications, Richmond, U K, 2000.

In the following Examples, all formulations are prepared in conventionalways. Compound numbers refer to compounds in Index Tables A-G. Withoutfurther elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art usingthe preceding description can utilize the present invention to itsfullest extent. The following Examples are, therefore, to be construedas merely illustrative, and not limiting of the disclosure in any waywhatsoever. Percentages are by weight except where otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLE A

High Strength Concentrate Compound 3 98.5% silica aerogel 0.5% syntheticamorphous fine silica 1.0%

EXAMPLE B

Wettable Powder Compound 6 65.0% dodecylphenol polyethylene glycol ether2.0% sodium ligninsulfonate 4.0% sodium silicoaluminate 6.0%montmorillonite (calcined) 23.0%

EXAMPLE C

Granule Compound 25 10.0% attapulgite granules (low volatile matter,0.71/0.30 mm; 90.0% U.S.S. No. 25-50 sieves)

EXAMPLE D

Extruded Pellet Compound 48 25.0% anhydrous sodium sulfate 10.0% crudecalcium ligninsulfonate 5.0% sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate 1.0%calcium/magnesium bentonite 59.0%

EXAMPLE E

Emulsifiable Concentrate Compound 57 10.0% polyoxyethylene sorbitolhexoleate 20.0% C₆-C₁₀ fatty acid methyl ester 70.0%

EXAMPLE F

Microemulsion Compound 72 5.0% polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetatecopolymer 30.0% alkylpolyglycoside 30.0% glyceryl monooleate 15.0% water20.0%

EXAMPLE G

Seed Treatment Compound 76 20.00% polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetatecopolymer 5.00% montan acid wax 5.00% calcium ligninsulfonate 1.00%polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block copolymers 1.00% stearyl alcohol(POE 20) 2.00% polyorganosilane 0.20% colorant red dye 0.05% water65.75%

EXAMPLE H

Fertilizer Stick Compound 92 2.5% pyrrolidone-styrene copolymer 4.8%tristyrylphenyl 16-ethoxylate 2.3% talc 0.8% corn starch 5.0%slow-release fertilizer 36.0% kaolin 38.0% water 10.6%

EXAMPLE I

Suspension Concentrate compound 94  35% butylpolyoxyethylene/polypropylene block copolymer 4.0% stearicacid/polyethylene glycol copolymer 1.0% styrene acrylic polymer 1.0%xanthan gum 0.1% propylene glycol 5.0% silicone based defoamer 0.1%1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 0.1% water 53.7% 

EXAMPLE J

Emulsion in Water compound 98 10.0% butyl polyoxyethylene/polypropyleneblock copolymer 4.0% stearic acid/polyethylene glycol copolymer 1.0%styrene acrylic polymer 1.0% xanthan gum 0.1% propylene glycol 5.0%silicone based defoamer 0.1% 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 0.1% aromaticpetroleum based hydrocarbon 20.0 water 58.7%

EXAMPLE K

Oil Dispersion compound 121 25% polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate 15%organically modified bentonite clay 2.5%  fatty acid methyl ester57.5%  

EXAMPLE L

Suspoemulsion compound 127 10.0% imidacloprid 5.0% butylpolyoxyethylene/polypropylene block copolymer 4.0% stearicacid/polyethylene glycol copolymer 1.0% styrene acrylic polymer 1.0%xanthan gum 0.1% propylene glycol 5.0% silicone based defoamer 0.1%1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 0.1% aromatic petroleum based hydrocarbon20.0% water 53.7%

Compounds of this invention exhibit activity against a wide spectrum ofinvertebrate pests. These pests include invertebrates inhabiting avariety of environments such as, for example, plant foliage, roots,soil, harvested crops or other foodstuffs, building structures or animalinteguments. These pests include, for example, invertebrates feeding onfoliage (including leaves, stems, flowers and fruits), seeds, wood,textile fibers or animal blood or tissues, and thereby causing injury ordamage to, for example, growing or stored agronomic crops, forests,greenhouse crops, ornamentals, nursery crops, stored foodstuffs or fiberproducts, or houses or other structures or their contents, or beingharmful to animal health or public health. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that not all compounds are equally effective against allgrowth stages of all pests.

These present compounds and compositions are thus useful agronomicallyfor protecting field crops from phytophagous invertebrate pests, andalso nonagronomically for protecting other horticultural crops andplants from phytophagous invertebrate pests. This utility includesprotecting crops and other plants (i.e. both agronomic and nonagronomic)that contain genetic material introduced by genetic engineering (i.e.transgenic) or modified by mutagenesis to provide advantageous traits.Examples of such traits include tolerance to herbicides, resistance tophytophagous pests (e.g., insects, mites, aphids, spiders, nematodes,snails, plant-pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses), improved plantgrowth, increased tolerance of adverse growing conditions such as highor low temperatures, low or high soil moisture, and high salinity,increased flowering or fruiting, greater harvest yields, more rapidmaturation, higher quality and/or nutritional value of the harvestedproduct, or improved storage or process properties of the harvestedproducts. Transgenic plants can be modified to express multiple traits.Examples of plants containing traits provided by genetic engineering ormutagenesis include varieties of corn, cotton, soybean and potatoexpressing an insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis toxin such as YIELDGARD®, KNOCKOUT®, STARLINK®, BOLLGARD®, NuCOTN® and NEWLEAF®, INVICTARR2 PRO™, and herbicide-tolerant varieties of corn, cotton, soybean andrapeseed such as ROUNDUP READY®, LIBERTY LINK®, IMI®, STS® andCLEARFIELD®, as well as crops expressing N-acetyltransferase (GAT) toprovide resistance to glyphosate herbicide, or crops containing the HRAgene providing resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase(ALS). The present compounds and compositions may interactsynergistically with traits introduced by genetic engineering ormodified by mutagenesis, thus enhancing phenotypic expression oreffectiveness of the traits or increasing the invertebrate pest controleffectiveness of the present compounds and compositions. In particular,the present compounds and compositions may interact synergistically withthe phenotypic expression of proteins or other natural products toxic toinvertebrate pests to provide greater-than-additive control of thesepests.

Compositions of this invention can also optionally comprise plantnutrients, e.g., a fertilizer composition comprising at least one plantnutrient selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium,magnesium, iron, copper, boron, manganese, zinc, and molybdenum. Of noteare compositions comprising at least one fertilizer compositioncomprising at least one plant nutrient selected from nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium and magnesium. Compositions ofthe present invention which further comprise at least one plant nutrientcan be in the form of liquids or solids. Of note are solid formulationsin the form of granules, small sticks or tablets. Solid formulationscomprising a fertilizer composition can be prepared by mixing thecompound or composition of the present invention with the fertilizercomposition together with formulating ingredients and then preparing theformulation by methods such as granulation or extrusion. Alternativelysolid formulations can be prepared by spraying a solution or suspensionof a compound or composition of the present invention in a volatilesolvent onto a previous prepared fertilizer composition in the form ofdimensionally stable mixtures, e.g., granules, small sticks or tablets,and then evaporating the solvent.

Nonagronomic uses refer to invertebrate pest control in the areas otherthan fields of crop plants. Nonagronomic uses of the present compoundsand compositions include control of invertebrate pests in stored grains,beans and other foodstuffs, and in textiles such as clothing andcarpets. Nonagronomic uses of the present compounds and compositionsalso include invertebrate pest control in ornamental plants, forests, inyards, along roadsides and railroad rights of way, and on turf such aslawns, golf courses and pastures. Nonagronomic uses of the presentcompounds and compositions also include invertebrate pest control inhouses and other buildings which may be occupied by humans and/orcompanion, farm, ranch, zoo or other animals. Nonagronomic uses of thepresent compounds and compositions also include the control of pestssuch as termites that can damage wood or other structural materials usedin buildings.

Nonagronomic uses of the present compounds and compositions also includeprotecting human and animal health by controlling invertebrate peststhat are parasitic or transmit infectious diseases. The controlling ofanimal parasites includes controlling external parasites that areparasitic to the surface of the body of the host animal (e.g.,shoulders, armpits, abdomen, inner part of the thighs) and internalparasites that are parasitic to the inside of the body of the hostanimal (e.g., stomach, intestine, lung, veins, under the skin, lymphatictissue). External parasitic or disease transmitting pests include, forexample, chiggers, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, flies, mites and fleas.Internal parasites include heartworms, hookworms and helminths.Compounds and compositions of the present invention are suitable forsystemic and/or non-systemic control of infestation or infection byparasites on animals. Compounds and compositions of the presentinvention are particularly suitable for combating external parasitic ordisease transmitting pests. Compounds and compositions of the presentinvention are suitable for combating parasites that infest agriculturalworking animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys,camels, buffalos, rabbits, hens, turkeys, ducks, geese and bees; petanimals and domestic animals such as dogs, cats, pet birds and aquariumfish; as well as so-called experimental animals, such as hamsters,guinea pigs, rats and mice. By combating these parasites, fatalities andperformance reduction (in terms of meat, milk, wool, skins, eggs, honey,etc.) are reduced, so that applying a composition comprising a compoundof the present invention allows more economic and simple husbandry ofanimals.

Examples of agronomic or nonagronomic invertebrate pests include eggs,larvae and adults of the order Lepidoptera, such as armyworms, cutworms,loopers, and heliothines in the family Noctuidae (e.g., pink stem borer(Sesamia inferens Walker), corn stalk borer (Sesamia nonagrioidesLefebvre), southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania Cramer), fall armyworm(Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exiguaHübner), cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval),yellowstriped armyworm (Spodoptera ornithogalli Guenée), black cutworm(Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel), velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsiagemmatalis Hübner), green fruitworm (Lithophane antennata Walker),cabbage armyworm (Barathra brassicae Linnaeus), soybean looper(Pseudoplusia includens Walker), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia niHübner), tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens Fabricius)); borers,casebearers, webworms, coneworms, cabbageworms and skeletonizers fromthe family Pyralidae (e.g., European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalisHübner), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella Walker), corn rootwebworm (Crambus caliginosellus Clemens), sod webworms (Pyralidae:Crambinae) such as sod worm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis Walker),sugarcane stem borer (Chilo infuscatellus Snellen), tomato small borer(Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée), green leafroller (Cnaphalocrocismedinalis), grape leaffolder (Desmia funeralis Hübner), melon worm(Diaphania nitidalis Stoll), cabbage center grub (Helluala hydralisGuenée), yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker), early shootborer (Scirpophaga infuscatellus Snellen), white stem borer (Scirpophagainnotata Walker), top shoot borer (Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius),dark-headed rice borer (Chilo polychrysus Meyrick), striped riceborer(Chilo suppressalis Walker), cabbage cluster caterpillar (Crocidolomiabinotalis English)); leafrollers, budworms, seed worms, and fruit wormsin the family Tortricidae (e.g., codling moth (Cydia pomonellaLinnaeus), grape berry moth (Endopiza viteana Clemens), oriental fruitmoth (Grapholita molesta Busck), citrus false codling moth(Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick), citrus borer (Ecdytolopha aurantianaLima), redbanded leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana Walker),obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana Harris), light brownapple moth (Epiphyas postvittana Walker), European grape berry moth(Eupoecilia ambiguella Hübner), apple bud moth (Pandemis pyrusanaKearfott), omnivorous leafroller (Platynota stultana Walsingham), barredfruit-tree tortrix (Pandemis cerasana Hübner), apple brown tortrix(Pandemis heparana Denis & Schiffermüller)); and many other economicallyimportant lepidoptera (e.g., diamondback moth (Plutella xylostellaLinnaeus), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders), gypsy moth(Lymantria dispar Linnaeus), peach fruit borer (Carposina niponensisWalsingham), peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zeller), potatotuberworm (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller), spotted teniform leafminer(Lithocolletis blancardella Fabricius), Asiatic apple leafminer(Lithocolletis ringoniella Matsumura), rice leaffolder (Lerodea eujialaEdwards), apple leafminer (Leucoptera scitella Zeller)); eggs, nymphsand adults of the order Blattodea including cockroaches from thefamilies Blattellidae and Blattidae (e.g., oriental cockroach (Blattaorientalis Linnaeus), Asian cockroach (Blatella asahinai Mizukubo),German cockroach (Blattella germanica Linnaeus), brownbanded cockroach(Supella longipalpa Fabricius), American cockroach (Periplanetaamericana Linnaeus), brown cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea Bunnrmeister),Madeira cockroach (Leucophaea maderae Fabricius)), smoky brown cockroach(Periplaneta fuliginosa Service), Australian Cockroach (Periplanetaaustralasiae Fabr.), lobster cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea Olivier) andsmooth cockroach (Symploce pallens Stephens)); eggs, foliar feeding,fruit feeding, root feeding, seed feeding and vesicular tissue feedinglarvae and adults of the order Coleoptera including weevils from thefamilies Anthribidae, Bruchidae, and Curculionidae (e.g., boll weevil(Anthonomus grandis Boheman), rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrusoryzophilus Kuschel), granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus),rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus)), annual bluegrass weevil(Listronotus maculicollis Dietz), bluegrass billbug (Sphenophorusparvulus Gyllenhal), hunting billbug (Sphenophorus venatus vestitus),Denver billbug (Sphenophorus cicatristriatus Fahraeus)); flea beetles,cucumber beetles, rootworms, leaf beetles, potato beetles, andleafininers in the family Chrysomelidae (e.g., Colorado potato beetle(Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), western corn rootworm (Diabroticavirgifera virgifera LeConte)); chafers and other beetles from the familyScarabaeidae (e.g., Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), orientalbeetle (Anomala orientalis Waterhouse, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse)Baraud), northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis Arrow), southernmasked chafer (Cyclocephala immaculata Olivier or C. lurida Bland), dungbeetle and white grub (Aphodius spp.), black turfgrass ataenius(Ataenius spretulus Haldeman), green June beetle (Cotinis nitidaLinnaeus), Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea Arrow), May/Junebeetles (Phyllophaga spp.) and European chafer (Rhizotrogus majalisRazoumowsky)); carpet beetles from the family Dermestidae; wirewormsfrom the family Elateridae; bark beetles from the family Scolytidae andflour beetles from the family Tenebrionidae.

In addition, agronomic and nonagronomic pests include: eggs, adults andlarvae of the order Dermaptera including earwigs from the familyForficulidae (e.g., European earwig (Fojficula auricularia Linnaeus),black earwig (Chelisoches morio Fabricius)); eggs, immatures, adults andnymphs of the orders Hemiptera and Homoptera such as, plant bugs fromthe family Miridae, cicadas from the family Cicadidae, leafhoppers (e.g.Empoasca spp.) from the family Cicadellidae, bed bugs (e.g., Cimexlectularius Linnaeus) from the family Cimicidae, planthoppers from thefamilies Fulgoroidae and Delphacidae, treehoppers from the familyMembracidae, psyllids from the family Psyllidae, whiteflies from thefamily Aleyrodidae, aphids from the family Aphididae, phylloxera fromthe family Phylloxeridae, mealybugs from the family Pseudococcidae,scales from the families Coccidae, Diaspididae and Margarodidae, lacebugs from the family Tingidae, stink bugs from the family Pentatomidae,chinch bugs (e.g., hairy chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus hirtusMontandon) and southern chinch bug (Blissus insularis Barber)) and otherseed bugs from the family Lygaeidae, spittlebugs from the familyCercopidae squash bugs from the family Coreidae, and red bugs and cottonstainers from the family Pyrrhocoridae.

Agronomic and nonagronomic pests also include: eggs, larvae, nymphs andadults of the order Acari (mites) such as spider mites and red mites inthe family Tetranychidae (e.g., European red mite (Panonychus ulmiKoch), two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), McDaniel mite(Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor)); flat mites in the familyTenuipalpidae (e.g., citrus flat mite (Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor));rust and bud mites in the family Eriophyidae and other foliar feedingmites and mites important in human and animal health, i.e. dust mites inthe family Epidermoptidae, follicle mites in the family Demodicidae,grain mites in the family Glycyphagidae; ticks in the family Ixodidae,commonly known as hard ticks (e.g., deer tick (Ixodes scapularis Say),Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus Neumann), American dog tick(Dermacentor variabilis Say), lone star tick (Amblyomma americanumLinnaeus)) and ticks in the family Argasidae, commonly known as softticks (e.g., relapsing fever tick (Ornithodoros turicata), common fowltick (Argas radiatus)); scab and itch mites in the families Psoroptidae,Pyemotidae, and Sarcoptidae; eggs, adults and immatures of the orderOrthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts and crickets (e.g., migratorygrasshoppers (e.g., Melanoplus sanguinipes Fabricius, M. differentialisThomas), American grasshoppers (e.g., Schistocerca americana Drury),desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskal), migratory locust (Locustamigratoria Linnaeus), bush locust (Zonocerus spp.), house cricket(Acheta domesticus Linnaeus), mole crickets (e.g., tawny mole cricket(Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) and southern mole cricket (Scapteriscusborellii Giglio-Tos)); eggs, adults and immatures of the order Dipteraincluding leafminers (e.g., Liriomyza spp. such as serpentine vegetableleafminer (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard)), midges, fruit flies(Tephritidae), frit flies (e.g., Oscinella frit Linnaeus), soil maggots,house flies (e.g., Musca domestica Linnaeus), lesser house flies (e.g.,Fannia canicularis Linnaeus, F. femoralis Stein), stable flies (e.g.,Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus), face flies, horn flies, blow flies (e.g.,Chrysomya spp., Phormia spp.), and other muscoid fly pests, horse flies(e.g., Tabanus spp.), bot flies (e.g., Gastrophilus spp., Oestrus spp.),cattle grubs (e.g., Hypoderma spp.), deer flies (e.g., Chrysops spp.),keds (e.g., Melophagus ovinus Linnaeus) and other Brachycera, mosquitoes(e.g., Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp.), black flies (e.g.,Prosimulium spp., Simulium spp.), biting midges, sand flies, sciarids,and other Nematocera; eggs, adults and immatures of the orderThysanoptera including onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman), flowerthrips (Frankliniella spp.), and other foliar feeding thrips; insectpests of the order Hymenoptera including ants of the Family Formicidaeincluding the Florida carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanus Buckley), redcarpenter ant (Camponotus ferrugineus Fabricius), black carpenter ant(Camponotus pennsylvanicus De Geer), white-footed ant (Technomyrmexalbipes fr. Smith), big headed ants (Pheidole sp.), ghost ant (Tapinomamelanocephalum Fabricius); Pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis Linnaeus),little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata Roger), fire ant (Solenopsisgeminata Fabricius), red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren),Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr), crazy ant (Paratrechinalongicornis Latreille), pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum Linnaeus),cornfield ant (Lasius alienus Förster) and odorous house ant (Tapinomasessile Say). Other Hymenoptera including bees (including carpenterbees), hornets, yellow jackets, wasps, and sawflies (Neodiprion spp.;Cephus spp.); insect pests of the order Isoptera including termites inthe Termitidae (e.g., Macrotermes sp., Odontotermes obesus Rarnbur),Kalotermitidae (e.g., Cryptotermes sp.), and Rhinotermitidae (e.g.,Reticulitermes sp., Coptotermes sp., Heterotermes tenuis Hagen)families, the eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipesKollar), western subterranean termite (Reticulitermes hesperus Banks),Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki), WestIndian drywood termite (Incisitermes immigrans Snyder), powder posttermite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), drywood termite (Incisitermessnyderi Light), southeastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermesvirginicus Banks), western drywood termite (Incisitermes minor Hagen),arboreal termites such as Nasutitermes sp. and other termites ofeconomic importance; insect pests of the order Thysanura such assilverfish (Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus) and firebrat (Thermobiadomestica Packard); insect pests of the order Mallophaga and includingthe head louse (Pediculus humanus capilis De Geer), body louse(Pediculus humanus Linnaeus), chicken body louse (Menacanthus stramineusNitszch), dog biting louse (Trichodectes canis De Geer), fluff louse(Goniocotes gallinae De Geer), sheep body louse (Bovicola ovis Schrank),short-nosed cattle louse (Haematopinus eurysternus Nitzsch), long-nosedcattle louse (Linognathus vituli Linnaeus) and other sucking and chewingparasitic lice that attack man and animals; insect pests of the orderSiphonoptera including the oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopisRothschild), cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis Bouche), dog flea(Ctenocephalides canis Curtis), hen flea (Ceratophyllus gallinaeSchrank), sticktight flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea Westwood), human flea(Pulex irritans Linnaeus) and other fleas afflicting mammals and birds.Additional arthropod pests covered include: spiders in the order Araneaesuch as the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik)and the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans Fabricius), andcentipedes in the order Scutigeromorpha such as the house centipede(Scutigera coleoptrata Linnaeus).

Examples of invertebrate pests of stored grain include larger grainborer (Prostephanus truncatus), lesser grain borer (Rhyzoperthadominica), rice weevil (Stiophilus oryzae), maize weevil (Stiophiluszeamais), cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus), red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum), granary weevil (Stiophilus granarius), Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella), Mediterranean flour beetle (Ephestiakuhniella) and flat or rusty grain beetle (Cyptolestis fernrugineus).

Compounds of the present invention may have activity on members of theClasses Nematoda, Cestoda, Trematoda, and Acanthocephala includingeconomically important members of the orders Strongylida, Ascaridida,Oxyurida, Rhabditida, Spirurida, and Enoplida such as but not limited toeconomically important agricultural pests (i.e. root knot nematodes inthe genus Meloidogyne, lesion nematodes in the genus Pratylenchus,stubby root nematodes in the genus Trichodorus, etc.) and animal andhuman health pests (i.e. all economically important flukes, tapeworms,and roundworms, such as Strongylus vulgaris in horses, Toxocara canis indogs, Haemonchus contortus in sheep, Dirofilaria immitis Leidy in dogs,Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses, Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus inruminants, etc.).

Compounds of the invention may have activity against pests in the orderLepidoptera (e.g., Alabama argillacea Hübner (cotton leaf worm), Archipsargyrospila Walker (fruit tree leaf roller), A. rosana Linnaeus(European leaf roller) and other Archips species, Chilo suppressalisWalker (rice stem borer), Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guenee (rice leafroller), Crambus caliginosellus Clemens (corn root webworm), Crambusteterrellus Zincken (bluegrass webworm), Cydia pomonella Linnaeus(codling moth), Earias insulana Boisduval (spiny bollworm), Eariasvittella Fabricius (spotted bollworm), Helicoverpa armigera Hübner(American bollworm), Helicoverpa zea Boddie (corn earworm), Heliothisvirescens Fabricius (tobacco budworm), Herpetogramma licarsisalis Walker(sod webworm), Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffenrmüller (grape berrymoth), Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (pink bollworm), Phyllocnistiscitrella Stainton (citrus leafminer), Pieris brassicae Linnaeus (largewhite butterfly), Pieris rapae Linnaeus (small white butterfly),Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (diamondback moth), Spodoptera exiguaHübner (beet armyworm), Spodoptera litura Fabricius (tobacco cutworm,cluster caterpillar), Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (fall armyworm),Trichoplusia ni Hübner (cabbage looper) and Tuta absoluta Meyrick(tomato leafminer)).

Compounds of the invention have significant activity on members from theorder Homoptera including: Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid), Aphiscraccivora Koch (cowpea aphid), Aphis fabae Scopoli (black bean aphid),Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphid, melon aphid), Aphis pomi De Geer(apple aphid), Aphis spiraecoia Patch (spirea aphid), Aulacorthum solaniKaltenbach (foxglove aphid), Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Cockerell(strawberry aphid), Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumnov/Mordvilko (Russian wheataphid), Dysaphis plantaginea Paaserini (rosy apple aphid), Eriosomalanigerum Hausmann (woolly apple aphid), Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy(mealy plum aphid), Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach (turnip aphid),Metopolophium dirrhodum Walker (cereal aphid), Macrosiphum euphorbiaeThomas (potato aphid), Myzus persicae Sulzer (peach-potato aphid, greenpeach aphid), Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley (lettuce aphid), Pemphigusspp. (root aphids and gall aphids), Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch (cornleaf aphid), Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus (bird cherry-oat aphid),Schizaphis graminum Rondani (greenbug), Sitobion avenae Fabricius(English grain aphid), Therioaphis maculata Buckton (spotted alfalfaaphid), Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe (black citrus aphid),and Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy (brown citrus aphid); Adelges spp.(adelgids); Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande (pecan phylloxera); Bemisiatabaci Gennadius (tobacco whitefly, sweetpotato whitefly), Bemisiaargentifolii Bellows & Perring (silverleaf whitefly), Dialeurodes citriAshmead (citrus whitefly) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood(greenhouse whitefly); Empoasca fabae Harris (potato leafhopper),Laodelphax striatellus Fallen (smaller brown planthopper), Macrolestesquadrilineatus Forbes (aster leafhopper), Nephotettix cinticeps Uhler(green leafhopper), Nephotettix nigropictus Stål (rice leafhopper),Nilaparvata lugens Stål (brown planthopper), Peregrinus maidis Ashmead(corn planthopper), Sogatella furcifera Horvath (white-backedplanthopper), Sogatodes orizicola Muir (rice delphacid), Typhlocvbapomaria McAtee white apple leafhopper, Erythroneoura spp. (grapeleafhoppers); Magicidada septendecim Linnaeus (periodical cicada);Icerya purchasi Maskell (cottony cushion scale), Quadraspidiotusperniciosus Comstock (San Jose scale); Planococcus citri Risso (citrusmealybug); Pseudococcus spp. (other mealybug complex); Cacopsyllapyricola Foerster (pear psylla), Trioza diospyri Ashmead (persimmonpsylla).

Compounds of this invention also have activity on members from the orderHemiptera including: Acrosternum hilare Say (green stink bug), Anasatristis De Geer (squash bug), Blissus leucopterus leucopterus Say(chinch bug), Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (bed bug) Corythuca gossypiiFabricius (cotton lace bug), Cyrtopeltis modesta Distant (tomato bug),Dysdercus suturellus Herrich-Schiffer (cotton stainer), Euchistus servusSay (brown stink bug), Euchistus variolarius Palisot de Beauvois(one-spotted stink bug), Graptosthetus spp. (complex of seed bugs),Halymorpha halys Stål (brown marmorated stink bug), Leptoglossuscorculus Say (leaf-footed pine seed bug), Lygus lineolaris Palisot deBeauvois (tarnished plant bug), Nezara viridula Linnaeus (southern greenstink bug), Oebalus pugnax Fabricius (rice stink bug), Oncopeltusfasciatus Dallas (large milkweed bug), Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter(cotton fleahopper). Other insect orders controlled by compounds of theinvention include Thysanoptera (e.g., Frankliniella occidentalisPergande (western flower thrips), Scirthothrips citri Moulton (citrusthrips), Sericothrips variabilis Beach (soybean thrips), and Thripstabaci Lindeman (onion thrips); and the order Coleoptera (e.g.,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Colorado potato beetle), Epilachnavarivestis Mulsant (Mexican bean beetle) and wireworms of the generaAgriotes, Athous or Limonius).

Note that some contemporary classification systems place Homoptera as asuborder within the order Hemiptera.

Of note is use of compounds of this invention for controlling westernflower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Of note is use of compoundsof this invention for controlling potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae). Ofnote is use of compounds of this invention for controlling cotton melonaphid (Aphis gossypii). Of note is use of compounds of this inventionfor controlling green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Of note is use ofcompounds of this invention for controlling sweetpotato whitefly(Bemisia tabaci).

Compounds of the present invention may also be useful for increasingvigor of a crop plant. This method comprises contacting the crop plant(e.g., foliage, flowers, fruit or roots) or the seed from which the cropplant is grown with a compound of Formula 1 in amount sufficient toachieve the desired plant vigor effect (i.e. biologically effectiveamount). Typically the compound of Formula 1 is applied in a formulatedcomposition. Although the compound of Formula 1 is often applieddirectly to the crop plant or its seed, it can also be applied to thelocus of the crop plant, i.e. the environment of the crop plant,particularly the portion of the environment in close enough proximity toallow the compound of Formula 1 to migrate to the crop plant. The locusrelevant to this method most commonly comprises the growth medium (i.e.medium providing nutrients to the plant), typically soil in which theplant is grown. Treatment of a crop plant to increase vigor of the cropplant thus comprises contacting the crop plant, the seed from which thecrop plant is grown or the locus of the crop plant with a biologicallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula 1.

Increased crop vigor can result in one or more of the following observedeffects: (a) optimal crop establishment as demonstrated by excellentseed germination, crop emergence and crop stand; (b) enhanced cropgrowth as demonstrated by rapid and robust leaf growth (e.g., measuredby leaf area index), plant height, number of tillers (e.g., for rice),root mass and overall dry weight of vegetative mass of the crop; (c)improved crop yields, as demonstrated by time to flowering, duration offlowering, number of flowers, total biomass accumulation (i.e. yieldquantity) and/or fruit or grain grade marketability of produce (i.e.yield quality); (d) enhanced ability of the crop to withstand or preventplant disease infections and arthropod, nematode or mollusk pestinfestations; and (e) increased ability of the crop to withstandenvironmental stresses such as exposure to thermal extremes, suboptimalmoisture or phytotoxic chemicals.

The compounds of the present invention may increase the vigor of treatedplants compared to untreated plants by killing or otherwise preventingfeeding of phytophagous invertebrate pests in the environment of theplants. In the absence of such control of phytophagous invertebratepests, the pests reduce plant vigor by consuming plant tissues or sap,or transmitting plant pathogens such as viruses. Even in the absence ofphytophagous invertebrate pests, the compounds of the invention mayincrease plant vigor by modifying metabolism of plants. Generally, thevigor of a crop plant will be most significantly increased by treatingthe plant with a compound of the invention if the plant is grown in anonideal environment, i.e. an environment comprising one or more aspectsadverse to the plant achieving the fill genetic potential it wouldexhibit in an ideal environment.

Of note is a method for increasing vigor of a crop plant wherein thecrop plant is grown in an environment comprising phytophagousinvertebrate pests. Also of note is a method for increasing vigor of acrop plant wherein the crop plant is grown in an environment notcomprising phytophagous invertebrate pests. Also of note is a method forincreasing vigor of a crop plant wherein the crop plant is grown in anenvironment comprising an amount of moisture less than ideal forsupporting growth of the crop plant. Of note is a method for increasingvigor of a crop plant wherein the crop is rice. Also of note is a methodfor increasing vigor of a crop plant wherein the crop is maize (corn).Also of note is a method for increasing vigor of a crop plant whereinthe crop is soybean.

Compounds of this invention can also be mixed with one or more otherbiologically active compounds or agents including insecticides,fungicides, nematocides, bactericides, acaricides, herbicides, herbicidesafeners, growth regulators such as insect molting inhibitors androoting stimulants, chemosterilants, semiochemicals, repellents,attractants, pheromones, feeding stimulants, other biologically activecompounds or entomopathogenic bacteria, virus or fungi to form amulti-component pesticide giving an even broader spectrum of agronomicand nonagronomic utility. Thus the present invention also pertains to acomposition comprising a biologically effective amount of a compound ofFormula 1, at least one additional component selected from the groupconsisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents, and atleast one additional biologically active compound or agent. For mixturesof the present invention, the other biologically active compounds oragents can be formulated together with the present compounds, includingthe compounds of Formula 1, to form a premix, or the other biologicallyactive compounds or agents can be formulated separately from the presentcompounds, including the compounds of Formula 1, and the twoformulations combined together before application (e.g., in a spraytank) or, alternatively, applied in succession.

Examples of such biologically active compounds or agents with whichcompounds of this invention can be formulated are insecticides such asabamectin, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acrinathrin, afidopyropen([(3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-3-[(cyclopropylcarbonyl)oxy]-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-6,12-dihydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-1-oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl)-2H,11H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrano[3,4-e]pyran-4-yl]methylcyclopropanecarboxylate), amidoflumet, amitraz, avermectin,azadirachtin, azinphos-methyl, benfuracarb, bensultap, bifenthrin,bifenazate, bistrifluron, borate, buprofezin, cadusafos, carbaryl,carbofuran, cartap, carzol, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr,chlorfluazuron, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chromafenozide,clofentezin, clothianidin, cyantraniliprole(3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide),cyclaniliprole(3-bromo-N-[2-bromo-4-chloro-6-[[(-cyclopropylethyl)amino]carbonyl]phenyl]-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide),cycloprothrin, cycloxaprid((5S,8R)-1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-9-nitro-5,8-Epoxy-1H-imidazo[1,2-a]azepine)cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin,gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin,zeta-cypermethrin, cyromazine, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, diazinon,dieldrin, diflubenzuron, dimefluthrin, dimehypo, dimethoate,dinotefuran, diofenolan, emamectin, endosulfan, esfenvalerate,ethiprole, etofenprox, etoxazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenitrothion,fenothiocarb, fenoxycarb, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, fipronil,flometoquin(2-ethyl-3,7-dimethyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]-4-quinolinylmethyl carbonate), flonicamid, flubendiamide, flucythrinate, flufenerim,flufenoxuron, flufenoxystrobin (methyl(αE)-2-[[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl]-α-(methoxymethylene)benzeneacetate),flufensulfone(5-chloro-2-[(3,4,4-trifluoro-3-buten-1-yl)sulfonyl]thiazole),fluhexafon, fluopyram, flupiprole(1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-[(2-ethyl-2-propen-1-yl)amino]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile),flupyradifurone(4-[[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino]-2(5H)-furanone),fluvalinate, tau-fluvalinate, fonophos, formetanate, fosthiazate,halofenozide, heptafluthrin([2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]methyl2,2-dimethyl-3-[(1Z)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propen-1-yl]cyclopropanecarboxylate),hexaflumuron, hexythiazox, hydramethylnon, imidacloprid, indoxacarb,insecticidal soaps, isofenphos, lufenuron, malathion, meperfluthrin([2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]methyl (1R,3S)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate),metaflumizone, metaldehyde, methamidophos, methidathion, methiodicarb,methomyl, methoprene, methoxychlor, metofluthrin, methoxyfenozide,metofluthrin, monocrotophos, monofluorothrin([2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]methyl3-(2-cyano-1-propen-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate),nicotine, nitenpyram, nithiazine, novaluron, noviflumuron, oxamyl,parathion, parathion-methyl, permethrin, phorate, phosalone, phosmet,phosphamidon, pirimicarb, profenofos, profluthrin, propargite,protrifenbute, pyflubumide(1,3,5-trimethyl-N-(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-N-[3-(2-methylpropyl)-4-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methoxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide),pymetrozine, pyrafluprole, pyrethrin, pyridaben, pyridalyl,pyrifluquinazon, pyriminostrobin (methyl(E)-2-[[[2-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)amino]-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]oxy]methyl]-C-(methoxymethylene)benzenzeneacetate),pyriprole, pyriproxyfen, rotenone, ryanodine, silafluofen, spinetoram,spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, sulprofos,sulfoxaflor(N-[methyloxido[1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]ethyl]-λ⁴-sulfanylidene]cyanamide),tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, terbufos,tetrachlorvinphos, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin([2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]methyl2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), tetraniliprole,thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, thiosultap-sodium, tioxazafen(3-phenyl-5-(2-thienyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole), tolfenpyrad, tralomethrin,triazamate, trichlorfon, triflumezopyrim(2,4-dioxo-1-(5-pyrimidinylmethyl)-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidiniuminner salt), triflumuron, Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins,entomopathogenic bacteria, entomopathogenic viruses and entomopathogenicfungi.

Of note are insecticides such as abamectin, acetamiprid, acrinathrin,afidopyropen, amitraz, avermectin, azadirachtin, benfuracarb, bensultap,bifenthrin, buprofezin, cadusafos, carbaryl, cartap,chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, clothianidin,cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin,beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin,cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyromazine,deltamethrin, dieldrin, dinotefuran, diofenolan, emamectin, endosulfan,esfenvalerate, ethiprole, etofenprox, etoxazole, fenitrothion,fenothiocarb, fenoxycarb, fenvalerate, fipronil, flometoquin,flonicamid, flubendiamide, flufenoxuron, flufenoxystrobin,flufensulfone, flupiprole, flupyradifurone, fluvalinate, formetanate,fosthiazate, heptafluthrin, hexaflumuron, hydramethylnon, imidacloprid,indoxacarb, lufenuron, meperfluthrin, metaflumizone, methiodicarb,methomyl, methoprene, methoxyfenozide, metofluthrin, monofluorothrin,nitenpyram, nithiazine, novaluron, oxamyl, pyflubumide, pymetrozine,pyrethrin, pyridaben, pyridalyl, pyriminostrobin, pyriproxyfen,ryanodine, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen,spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor, tebufenozide, tetramethrin,tetramethylfluthrin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb,thiosultap-sodium, tralomethrin, triazamate, triflumezopyrim,triflumuron, Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins, all strains ofBacillus thuringiensis and all strains of nucleo polyhedrosis viruses.

One embodiment of biological agents for mixing with compounds of thisinvention include entomopathogenic bacteria such as Bacillusthuringiensis, and the encapsulated delta-endotoxins of Bacillusthuringiensis such as MVP® and MVPII® bioinsecticides prepared by theCellCap® process (CellCap®, MVP® and MVPII® are trademarks of MycogenCorporation, Indianapolis, Ind., USA); entomopathogenic fungi such asgreen muscardine fungus; and entomopathogenic (both naturally occurringand genetically modified) viruses including baculovirus, nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) such as Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzNPV),Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus (AfNPV); and granulosis virus(GV) such as Cydia pomonella granulosis virus (CpGV).

Of particular note is such a combination where the other invertebratepest control active ingredient belongs to a different chemical class orhas a different site of action than the compound of Formula 1. Incertain instances, a combination with at least one other invertebratepest control active ingredient having a similar spectrum of control buta different site of action will be particularly advantageous forresistance management. Thus, a composition of the present invention canfurther comprise a biologically effective amount of at least oneadditional invertebrate pest control active ingredient having a similarspectrum of control but belonging to a different chemical class orhaving a different site of action. These additional biologically activecompounds or agents include, but are not limited to,acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors such as the carbamates methomyl,oxamyl, thiodicarb, triazamate, and the organophosphates chlorpyrifos;GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists such as the cyclodienes dieldrinand endosulfan, and the phenylpyrazoles ethiprole and fipronil; sodiumchannel modulators such as the pyrethroids bifenthrin, cyfluthrin,beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin,deltamethrin, dimefluthrin, esfenvalerate, metofluthrin and profluthrin;nicotinic acetylcholinereceptor (nAChR) agonists such as theneonicotinoids acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid,nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam, and sulfoxaflor;nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric activators such asthe spinosyns spinetoram and spinosad; chloride channel activators suchas the avermectins abamectin and emamectin; juvenile hormone mimics suchas diofenolan, methoprene, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen; selectivehomopteran feeding blockers such as pymetrozine and flonicamid; mitegrowth inhibitors such as etoxazole; inhibitors of mitochondrial ATPsynthase such as propargite; ucouplers of oxidative phosphorylation viadisruption of the proton gradient such as chlorfenapyr; nicotinicacetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers such as the nereistoxinanalogs cartap; inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis such as thebenzoylureas flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron,noviflumuron and triflumuron, and buprofezin; dipteran moultingdisrupters such as cyromazine; ecdysone receptor agonists such as thediacylhydrazines methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide; octopamine receptoragonists such as amitraz; mitochondrial complex III electron transportinhibitors such as hydramethylnon; mitochondrial complex I electrontransport inhibitors such as pyridaben; voltage-dependent sodium channelblockers such as indoxacarb; inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase suchas the tetronic and tetramic acids spirodiclofen, spiromesifen andspirotetramat; mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitorssuch as the 1-ketonitriles cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen; ryanidinereceptor modulators such as the anthranilic diamideschlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole, diamidessuch as flubendiamide, and ryanodine receptor ligands such as ryanodine;compounds wherein the target site responsible for biological activity isunknown or uncharacterized such as azadirachtin, bifenazate, pyridalyl,pyrifluquinazon and triflumezopyrim; microbial disrupters of insectmidgut membranes such as Bacillus thuringensis and the delta-endotoxinsthey produce and Bacillus sphaericus; and biological agents includingnucleo polyhedro viruses (NPV) and other naturally occurring orgenetically modified insecticidal viruses.

Further examples of biologically active compounds or agents with whichcompounds of this invention can be formulated are: fungicides such asacibenzolar-S-methyl, aldimorph, ametoctradin, amisulbrom, anilazine,azaconazole, azoxystrobin, benalaxyl (including benalaxyl-M), benodanil,benomyl, benthiavalicarb (including benthiavalicarb-isopropyl),benzovindiflupyr, bethoxazin, binapacryl, biphenyl, bitertanol, bixafen,blasticidin-S, boscalid, bromuconazole, bupirimate, buthiobate,carboxin, carpropamid, captafol, captan, carbendazim, chloroneb,chlorothalonil, chlozolinate, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride,copper sulfate, coumoxystrobin, cyazofamid, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil,cyproconazole, cyprodinil, dichlofluanid, diclocymet, diclomezine,dicloran, diethofencarb, difenoconazole, diflumetorim, dimethirimol,dimethomorph, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole (including diniconazole-M),dinocap, dithianon, dithiolanes, dodemorph, dodine, econazole,etaconazole, edifenphos, enoxastrobin (also known as enestroburin),epoxiconazole, ethaboxam, ethirimol, etridiazole, famoxadone,fenamidone, fenaminstrobin, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenfuram,fenhexamide, fenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph,fenpyrazamine, fentin acetate, fentin hydroxide, ferbam, ferimzone,flometoquin, fluazinam, fludioxonil, flufenoxystrobin, flumorph,fluopicolide, fluopyram, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flusilazole,flusulfamide, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, folpet,fthalide (also known as phthalide), fuberidazole, furalaxyl, furametpyr,hexaconazole, hymexazole, guazatine, imazalil, imibenconazole,iminoctadine albesilate, iminoctadine triacetate, iodicarb, ipconazole,isofetamid, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, isoprothiolane,isopyrazam, isotianil, kasugamycin, kresoxim-methyl, mancozeb,mandipropamid, mandestrobin, maneb, mapanipyrin, mepronil,meptyldinocap, metalaxyl (including metalaxyl-M/mefenoxam), metconazole,methasulfocarb, metiram, metominostrobin, metrafenone, myclobutanil,naffitine, neo-asozin (ferric methanearsonate), nuarimol, octhilinone,ofurace, orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxathiapiprolin, oxolinic acid,oxpoconazole, oxycarboxin, oxytetracycline, penconazole, pencycuron,penflufen, penthiopyrad, perfurazoate, phosphorous acid (including saltsthereof, e.g., fosetyl-aluminm), picoxystrobin, piperalin, polyoxin,probenazole, prochloraz, procymidone, propamocarb, propiconazole,propineb, proquinazid, prothiocarb, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin,pyrametostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrazophos, pyribencarb, pyributacarb,pyrifenox, pyriofenone, perisoxazole, pyrimethanil, pyrifenox,pyrrolnitrin, pyroquilon, quinconazole, quinmethionate, quinoxyfen,quintozene, silthiofam, sedaxane, simeconazole, spiroxamine,streptomycin, sulfur, tebuconazole, tebufloquin, tecloffhalam,tecloftalam, tecnazene, terbinafine, tetraconazole, thiabendazole,thifluzamide, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, tiadinil,tolciofos-methyl, tolprocarb, tolyfluanid, triadimefon, triadimenol,triarimol, triazoxide, tribasic copper sulfate, triclopyricarb,tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole, trimoprhamide tricyclazole,trifloxystrobin, triforine, triticonazole, uniconazole, validamycin,valifenalate (also known as valifenal), vinclozolin, zineb, ziram,zoxamide and1-[4-[4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl]-2-thiazolyl]-1-piperidinyl]-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone;nematocides such as fluopyram, spirotetramat, thiodicarb, fosthiazate,abamectin, iprodione, fluensulfone, dimethyl disulfide, tioxazafen,1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), metam (sodium and potassium), dazomet,chloropicrin, fenamiphos, ethoprophos, cadusaphos, terbufos, imicyafos,oxamyl, carbofuran, tioxazafen, Bacillus firmus and Pasteurianishizawae; bactericides such as streptomycin; acaricides such asamitraz, chinomethionat, chlorobenzilate, cyhexatin, dicofol,dienochlor, etoxazole, fenazaquin, fenbutatin oxide, fenpropathrin,fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, propargite, pyridaben and tebufenpyrad.

In certain instances, combinations of a compound of this invention withother biologically active (particularly invertebrate pest control)compounds or agents (i.e. active ingredients) can result in agreater-than-additive (i.e. synergistic) effect. Reducing the quantityof active ingredients released in the environment while ensuringeffective pest control is always desirable. When synergism ofinvertebrate pest control active ingredients occurs at application ratesgiving agronomically satisfactory levels of invertebrate pest control,such combinations can be advantageous for reducing crop production costand decreasing environmental load.

Compounds of this invention and compositions thereof can be applied toplants genetically transformed to express proteins toxic to invertebratepests (such as Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins). Such anapplication may provide a broader spectrum of plant protection and beadvantageous for resistance management. The effect of the exogenouslyapplied invertebrate pest control compounds of this invention may besynergistic with the expressed toxin proteins.

General references for these agricultural protectants (i.e.insecticides, fungicides, nematocides, acaricides, herbicides andbiological agents) include The Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition, C. D. S.Tomlin, Ed., British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, U. K.,2003 and The BioPesticide Manual, 2^(nd) Edition, L. G. Copping, Ed.,British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, U. K., 2001.

Invertebrate pests are controlled in agronomic and nonagronomicapplications by applying one or more compounds of this invention,typically in the form of a composition, in a biologically effectiveamount, to the environment of the pests, including the agronomic and/ornonagronomic locus of infestation, to the area to be protected, ordirectly on the pests to be controlled.

Thus the present invention comprises a method for controlling aninvertebrate pest in agronomic and/or nonagronomic applications,comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment with abiologically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of theinvention, or with a composition comprising at least one such compoundor a composition comprising at least one such compound and abiologically effective amount of at least one additional biologicallyactive compound or agent. Examples of suitable compositions comprising acompound of the invention and a biologically effective amount of atleast one additional biologically active compound or agent includegranular compositions wherein the additional active compound is presenton the same granule as the compound of the invention or on granulesseparate from those of the compound of the invention.

To achieve contact with a compound or composition of the invention toprotect a field crop from invertebrate pests, the compound orcomposition is typically applied to the seed of the crop beforeplanting, to the foliage (e.g., leaves, stems, flowers, fruits) of cropplants, or to the soil or other growth medium before or after the cropis planted.

One embodiment of a method of contact is by spraying. Alternatively, agranular composition comprising a compound of the invention can beapplied to the plant foliage or the soil. Compounds of this inventioncan also be effectively delivered through plant uptake by contacting theplant with a composition comprising a compound of this invention appliedas a soil drench of a liquid formulation, a granular formulation to thesoil, a nursery box treatment or a dip of transplants. Of note is acomposition of the present invention in the form of a soil drench liquidformulation. Also of note is a method for controlling an invertebratepest comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment witha biologically effective amount of a compound of the present inventionor with a composition comprising a biologically effective amount of acompound of the present invention. Of further note is this methodwherein the environment is soil and the composition is applied to thesoil as a soil drench formulation. Of further note is that compounds ofthis invention are also effective by localized application to the locusof infestation. Other methods of contact include application of acompound or a composition of the invention by direct and residualsprays, aerial sprays, gels, seed coatings, microencapsulations,systemic uptake, baits, ear tags, boluses, foggers, fumigants, aerosols,dusts and many others. One embodiment of a method of contact is adimensionally stable fertilizer granule, stick or tablet comprising acompound or composition of the invention. The compounds of thisinvention can also be impregnated into materials for fabricatinginvertebrate control devices (e.g., insect netting).

Compounds of the invention are useful in treating all plants, plantparts and seeds. Plant and seed varieties and cultivars can be obtainedby conventional propagation and breeding methods or by geneticengineering methods. Genetically modified plants or seeds (transgenicplants or seeds) are those in which a heterologous gene (transgene) hasbeen stably integrated into the plant's or seed's genome. A transgenethat is defined by its particular location in the plant genome is calleda transformation or transgenic event.

Genetically modified plant and seed cultivars which can be treatedaccording to the invention include those that are resistant against oneor more biotic stresses (pests such as nematodes, insects, mites, fungi,etc.) or abiotic stresses (drought, cold temperature, soil salinity,etc.), or that contain other desirable characteristics. Plants and seedscan be genetically modified to exhibit traits of, for example, herbicidetolerance, insect-resistance, modified oil profiles or droughttolerance.

Treatment of genetically modified plants and seeds with compounds of theinvention may result in super-additive or synergistic effects. Forexample, reduction in application rates, broadening of the activityspectrum, increased tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses or enhancedstorage stability may be greater than expected from just simple additiveeffects of the application of compounds of the invention on geneticallymodified plants and seeds.

Compounds of this invention are also useful in seed treatments forprotecting seeds from invertebrate pests. In the context of the presentdisclosure and claims, treating a seed means contacting the seed with abiologically effective amount of a compound of this invention, which istypically formulated as a composition of the invention. This seedtreatment protects the seed from invertebrate soil pests and generallycan also protect roots and other plant parts in contact with the soil ofthe seedling developing from the germinating seed. The seed treatmentmay also provide protection of foliage by translocation of the compoundof this invention or a second active ingredient within the developingplant. Seed treatments can be applied to all types of seeds, includingthose from which plants genetically transformed to express specializedtraits will germinate. Representative examples include those expressingproteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensistoxin or those expressing herbicide resistance such as glyphosateacetyltransferase, which provides resistance to glyphosate. Seedtreatments with compounds of this invention can also increase vigor ofplants growing from the seed.

One method of seed treatment is by spraying or dusting the seed with acompound of the invention (i.e. as a formulated composition) beforesowing the seeds. Compositions formulated for seed treatment generallycomprise a film former or adhesive agent. Therefore typically a seedcoating composition of the present invention comprises a biologicallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula 1, an N-oxide or salt thereofand a film former or adhesive agent. Seed can be coated by spraying aflowable suspension concentrate directly into a tumbling bed of seedsand then drying the seeds. Alternatively, other formulation types suchas wetted powders, solutions, suspoemulsions, emulsifiable concentratesand emulsions in water can be sprayed on the seed. This process isparticularly useful for applying film coatings on seeds. Various coatingmachines and processes are available to one skilled in the art. Suitableprocesses include those listed in P. Kosters et al., Seed Treatment:Progress and Prospects, 1994 BCPC Mongraph No. 57, and references listedtherein.

Compounds of Formula 1 and their compositions, both alone and incombination with other insecticides, nematicides, and fungicides, areparticularly useful in seed treatment for crops including, but notlimited to, maize or corn, soybeans, cotton, cereal (e.g., wheat, oats,barley, rye and rice), potatoes, vegetables and oilseed rape.

Other insecticides with which compounds of Formula 1 can be formulatedto provide mixtures useful in seed treatment include abamectin,acetamiprid, acrinathrin, amitraz, avermectin, azadirachtin, bensultap,bifenthrin, buprofezin, cadusafos, carbaryl, carbofuran, cartap,chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, clothianidin,cyantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin,gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin,zeta-cypermethrin, cyromazine, deltamethrin, dieldrin, dinotefuran,diofenolan, emamectin, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, ethiprole, etofenprox,etoxazole, fenothiocarb, fenoxycarb, fenvalerate, fipronil, flonicamid,flubendiamide, flufenoxuron, fluvalinate, formetae, formtanate,fosthiazate, hexaflumuron, hydramethylnon, imidacloprid, indoxacarb,lufenuron, metaflumizone, methiocarb, methomyl, methoprene,methoxyfenozide, nitenpyram, nithiazine, novaluron, oxamyl, pymetrozine,pyrethrin, pyridaben, pyridalyl, pyriproxyfen, ryanodine, spinetoram,spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor,tebufenozide, tetramethrin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb,thiosultap-sodium, tralomethrin, triazamate, triflumuron, Bacillusthuringiensis delta-endotoxins, all strains of Bacillus thuringiensisand all strains of Nucleo polyhedrosis viruses.

Fungicides with which compounds of Formula 1 can be formulated toprovide mixtures useful in seed treatment include amisulbrom,azoxystrobin, boscalid, carbendazim, carboxin, cymoxanil, cyproconazole,difenoconazole, dimethomorph, fluazinam, fludioxonil, fluquinconazole,fluopicolide, fluoxastrobin, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, ipconazole,iprodione, metalaxyl, mefenoxam, metconazole, myclobutanil,paclobutrazole, penflufen, picoxystrobin, prothioconazole,pyraclostrobin, sedaxane, silthiofam, tebuconazole, thiabendazole,thiophanate-methyl, thiram, trifloxystrobin and triticonazole.

Compositions comprising compounds of Formula 1 useful for seed treatmentcan further comprise bacteria and fungi that have the ability to provideprotection from the harmful effects of plant pathogenic fungi orbacteria and/or soil born animals such as nematodes. Bacteria exhibitingnematicidal properties may include but are not limited to Bacillusfirmus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillius subtiliis and Pasteuria penetrans. Asuitable Bacillus firmus strain is strain CNCM 1-1582 (GB-126) which iscommercially available as BioNem™. A suitable Bacillus cereus strain isstrain NCMM I-1592. Both Bacillus strains are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,406,690. Other suitable bacteria exhibiting nematicidal activity areB. amyloliquefaciens IN937a and B. subtilis strain GB03. Bacteriaexhibiting fungicidal properties may include but are not limited to B.pumilus strain GB34. Fungal species exhibiting nematicidal propertiesmay include but are not limited to Myrothecium verrucaria, Paecilomyceslilacinus and Purpureocillium lilacinum.

Seed treatments can also include one or more nematicidal agents ofnatural origin such as the elicitor protein called harpin which isisolated from certain bacterial plant pathogens such as Erwiniaamylovora. An example is the Harpin-N-Tek seed treatment technologyavailable as N-Hibit™ Gold CST.

Seed treatments can also include one or more species of legume-rootnodulating bacteria such as the microsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteriaBradyrhizobium japonicum. These inocculants can optionally include oneor more lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs), which are nodulation (Nod)factors produced by rhizobia bacteria during the initiation of noduleformation on the roots of legumes. For example, the Optimize® brand seedtreatment technology incorporates LCO Promoter Technology™ incombination with an inocculant.

Seed treatments can also include one or more isoflavones which canincrease the level of root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi.Mycorrhizal fungi improve plant growth by enhancing the root uptake ofnutrients such as water, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates and metals.

Examples of isoflavones include, but are not limited to, genistein,biochanin A, formononetin, daidzein, glycitein, hesperetin, naringeninand pratensein. Formononetin is available as an active ingredient inmycorrhizal inocculant products such as PHC Colonize® AG.

Seed treatments can also include one or more plant activators thatinduce systemic acquired resistance in plants following contact by apathogen. An example of a plant activator which induces such protectivemechanisms is acibenzolar-S-methyl.

The treated seed typically comprises a compound of the present inventionin an amount from about 0.1 g to 1 kg per 100 kg of seed (i.e. fromabout 0.0001 to 1% by weight of the seed before treatment). A flowablesuspension formulated for seed treatment typically comprises from about0.5 to about 70% of the active ingredient, from about 0.5 to about 30%of a film-forming adhesive, from about 0.5 to about 20% of a dispersingagent, from 0 to about 5% of a thickener, from 0 to about 5% of apigment and/or dye, from 0 to about 2% of an antifoaming agent, from 0to about 1% of a preservative, and from 0 to about 75% of a volatileliquid diluent.

The compounds of this invention can be incorporated into a baitcomposition that is consumed by an invertebrate pest or used within adevice such as a trap, bait station, and the like. Such a baitcomposition can be in the form of granules which comprise (a) activeingredients, namely a biologically effective amount of a compound ofFormula 1, an N-oxide, or salt thereof; (b) one or more food materials;optionally (c) an attractant, and optionally (d) one or more humectants.Of note are granules or bait compositions which comprise between about0.001-5% active ingredients, about 40-99% food material and/orattractant; and optionally about 0.05-10% humectants, which areeffective in controlling soil invertebrate pests at very low applicationrates, particularly at doses of active ingredient that are lethal byingestion rather than by direct contact. Some food materials canfunction both as a food source and an attractant. Food materials includecarbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Examples of food materials arevegetable flour, sugar, starches, animal fat, vegetable oil, yeastextracts and milk solids. Examples of attractants are odorants andflavorants, such as fruit or plant extracts, perfume, or other animal orplant component, pheromones or other agents known to attract a targetinvertebrate pest. Examples of humectants, i.e. moisture retainingagents, are glycols and other polyols, glycerine and sorbitol. Of noteis a bait composition (and a method utilizing such a bait composition)used to control at least one invertebrate pest selected from the groupconsisting of ants, termites and cockroaches. A device for controllingan invertebrate pest can comprise the present bait composition and ahousing adapted to receive the bait composition, wherein the housing hasat least one opening sized to permit the invertebrate pest to passthrough the opening so the invertebrate pest can gain access to the baitcomposition from a location outside the housing, and wherein the housingis further adapted to be placed in or near a locus of potential or knownactivity for the invertebrate pest.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method forcontrolling invertebrate pests, comprising diluting the pesticidalcomposition of the present invention (a compound of Formula 1 formulatedwith surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents or a formulatedmixture of a compound of Formula 1 and at least one other pesticide)with water, and optionally adding an adjuvant to form a dilutedcomposition, and contacting the invertebrate pest or its environmentwith an effective amount of said diluted composition.

Although a spray composition formed by diluting with water a sufficientconcentration of the present pesticidal composition can providesufficient efficacy for controlling invertebrate pests, separatelyformulated adjuvant products can also be added to spray tank mixtures.These additional adjuvants are commonly known as “spray adjuvants” or“tank-mix adjuvants”, and include any substance mixed in a spray tank toimprove the performance of a pesticide or alter the physical propertiesof the spray mixture. Adjuvants can be surfactants, emulsifying agents,petroleum-based crop oils, crop-derived seed oils, acidifiers, buffers,thickeners or defoaming agents. Adjuvants are used to enhancing efficacy(e.g., biological availability, adhesion, penetration, uniformity ofcoverage and durability of protection), or minimizing or eliminatingspray application problems associated with incompatibility, foaming,drift, evaporation, volatilization and degradation. To obtain optimalperformance, adjuvants are selected with regard to the properties of theactive ingredient, formulation and target (e.g., crops, insect pests).

Among the spray adjuvants, oils including crop oils, crop oilconcentrates, vegetable oil concentrates and methylated seed oilconcentrates are most commonly used to improve the efficacy ofpesticides, possibly by means of promoting more even and uniform spraydeposits. In situations where phytotoxicity potentially caused by oilsor other water-immiscible liquids are of concern, spray compositionsprepared from the composition of the present invention will generallynot contain oil-based spray adjuvants. However, in situations wherephytotoxicity caused by oil-based spray adjuvants is commerciallyinsignificant, spray compositions prepared from the composition of thepresent composition can also contain oil-based spray adjuvants, whichcan potentially further increase control of invertebrate pests, as wellas rainfastness.

Products identified as “crop oil” typically contain 95 to 98% paraffinor naphtha-based petroleum oil and 1 to 2% of one or more surfactantsfunctioning as emulsifiers. Products identified as “crop oilconcentrates” typically consist of 80 to 85% of emulsifiablepetroleum-based oil and 15 to 20% of nonionic surfactants. Productscorrectly identified as “vegetable oil concentrates” typically consistof 80 to 85% of vegetable oil (i.e. seed or fruit oil, most commonlyfrom cotton, linseed, soybean or sunflower) and 15 to 20% of nonionicsurfactants. Adjuvant performance can be improved by replacing thevegetable oil with methyl esters of fatty acids that are typicallyderived from vegetable oils. Examples of methylated seed oilconcentrates include MSO® Concentrate (UAP-Loveland Products, Inc.) andPremium MSO Methylated Spray Oil (Helena Chemical Company).

The amount of adjuvants added to spray mixtures generally does notexceed about 2.5% by volume, and more typically the amount is from about0.1 to about 1% by volume. The application rates of adjuvants added tospray mixtures are typically between about 1 to 5 L per hectare.Representative examples of spray adjuvants include: Adigor® (Syngenta)47% methylated rapeseed oil in liquid hydrocarbons, Silwet® (HelenaChemical Company) polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane andAssist® (BASF) 17% surfactant blend in 83% paraffin based mineral oil.

The compounds of this invention can be applied without other adjuvants,but most often application will be of a formulation comprising one ormore active ingredients with suitable carriers, diluents, andsurfactants and possibly in combination with a food depending on thecontemplated end use. One method of application involves spraying awater dispersion or refined oil solution of a compound of the presentinvention. Combinations with spray oils, spray oil concentrations,spreader stickers, adjuvants, other solvents, and synergists such aspiperonyl butoxide often enhance compound efficacy. For nonagronomicuses such sprays can be applied from spray containers such as a can, abottle or other container, either by means of a pump or by releasing itfrom a pressurized container, e.g., a pressurized aerosol spray can.Such spray compositions can take various forms, for example, sprays,mists, foams, fumes or fog. Such spray compositions thus can furthercomprise propellants, foaming agents, etc. as the case may be. Of noteis a spray composition comprising a biologically effective amount of acompound or a composition of the present invention and a carrier. Oneembodiment of such a spray composition comprises a biologicallyeffective amount of a compound or a composition of the present inventionand a propellant. Representative propellants include, but are notlimited to, methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, butene,pentane, isopentane, neopentane, pentene, hydrofluorocarbons,chlorofluorocarbons, dimethyl ether, and mixtures of the foregoing. Ofnote is a spray composition (and a method utilizing such a spraycomposition dispensed from a spray container) used to control at leastone invertebrate pest selected from the group consisting of mosquitoes,black flies, stable flies, deer flies, horse flies, wasps, yellowjackets, hornets, ticks, spiders, ants, gnats, and the like, includingindividually or in combinations.

The following Tests demonstrate the control efficacy of compounds ofthis invention on specific pests. “Control efficacy” representsinhibition of invertebrate pest development (including mortality) thatcauses significantly reduced feeding. The pest control protectionafforded by the compounds is not limited, however, to these species. SeeIndex Tables A-G for compound descriptions.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION Formulation and Spray Methodologyfor Tests A-G

Test compounds were formulated using a solution containing 10% acetone,90% water and 300 ppm Activator 90® non-ionic surfactant (LovelandProducts, Loveland, Colo., USA). The formulated compounds were appliedin 1 mL of liquid through an atomizer nozzle positioned 1.27 cm (0.5inches) above the top of each test unit. Test compounds were sprayed atthe rates indicated, and each test was replicated three times.

Test A

For evaluating control of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (L.))the test unit consisted of a small open container with a 12-14-day-oldmustard plant inside. This was pre-infested with ˜50 neonate larvae thatwere dispensed into the test unit via corn cob grits using aninoculator. The larvae moved onto the test plant after being dispensedinto the test unit.

Test compounds were formulated and sprayed at 250 and/or 50 ppm. Afterspraying of the formulated test compound, each test unit was allowed todry for 1 hour and then a black, screened cap was placed on top. Thetest units were held for 6 days in a growth chamber at 25° C. and 70%relative humidity. Plant feeding damage was then visually assessed basedon foliage consumed, and larvae were assessed for mortality.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 250 ppm, the following providedvery good to excellent levels of control efficacy (40% or less feedingdamage and/or 100% mortality): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55,56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113,114, 115,117, 118, 119, 120, 121,122, 123,124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129,130, 131,133, 139, 141, 142, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154 and 155.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 50 ppm, the following providedvery good to excellent levels of control efficacy (40% or less feedingdamage and/or 100% mortality): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15,16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 44,45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91,92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 113, 114, 117,118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123,124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,139,150 and 151.

Test B

For evaluating control of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E.Smith)) the test unit consisted of a small open container with a4-5-day-old corn (maize) plant inside. This was pre-infested with 10-151-day-old larvae on a piece of insect diet.

Test compounds were formulated and sprayed at 250 and/or 50 ppm. Afterspraying of the formulated test compound, the test units were maintainedin a growth chamber for 6 days at 25° C. and 70% relative humidity.Plant feeding damage was then visually assessed based on foliageconsumed, and larvae were assessed for mortality.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 250 ppm, the following providedvery good to excellent levels of control efficacy (40% or less feedingdamage and/or 100% mortality): 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 18, 19, 21, 23,24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 55, 56,57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 77, 81, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93,94, 95, 96, 100, 104, 106, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126,127, 128, 130, 131, 151 and 154.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 50 ppm, the following providedvery good to excellent levels of control efficacy (40% or less feedingdamage and/or 100% mortality): 5, 7, 8, 21, 25, 48, 57, 62, 63, 65, 72,92, 93, 94, 96, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 130, 151 and 154.

Test C

For evaluating control of corn planthopper (Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead))through contact and/or systemic means, the test unit consisted of asmall open container with a 3-4-day-old corn (maize) plant inside. Whitesand was added to the top of the soil prior to application of the testcompound.

Test compounds were formulated and sprayed at 250 and/or 50 ppm. Afterspraying of the formulated test compound, the test units were allowed todry for 1 h before they were post-infested with ˜15-20 nymphs(18-to-21-day-old). A black, screened cap was placed on the top of eachtest unit, and the test units were held for 6 days in a growth chamberat 22-24° C. and 50-70% relative humidity. Each test unit was thenvisually assessed for insect mortality.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 250 ppm, the following resultedin at least 80% mortality: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 25,27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 56, 57, 58, 61, 66,67, 72, 75, 81, 90, 98, 104, 110, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120, 122,125, 127, 133, 135, 139 and 149.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 50 ppm, the following resultedin at least 80% mortality: 1, 3, 6, 10, 16, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 43, 44,45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 58, 61, 66, 72, 76, 81, 90, 94, 98, 104, 110, 111,113, 120, 122 and 149.

Test D

For evaluating control of potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris))through contact and/or systemic means, the test unit consisted of asmall open container with a 5-6-day-old Soleil bean plant (primaryleaves emerged) inside. White sand was added to the top of the soil, andone of the primary leaves was excised prior to application of the testcompound.

Test compounds were formulated and sprayed at 250 and/or 50 ppm. Afterspraying of the formulated test compound, the test units were allowed todry for 1 hour before they were post-infested with 5 potato leafhoppers(18-to-21-day-old adults). A black, screened cap was placed on the topof the test unit, and the test units were held for 6 days in a growthchamber at 20° C. and 70% relative humidity. Each test unit was thenvisually assessed for insect mortality.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 250 ppm, the following resultedin at least 80% mortality: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23,25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 56,57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 84, 87,88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108,109, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 127, 131, 135,139, 145, 146 and 149.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 50 ppm, the following resultedin at least 80% mortality: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32,34, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 57, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72,75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 101, 106,109, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127 and 139.

Test E

For evaluating control of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer))through contact and/or systemic means, the test unit consisted of asmall open container with a 12-15-day-old radish plant inside. This waspre-infested by placing on a leaf of the test plant 30-40 aphids on apiece of leaf excised from a culture plant (cut-leaf method). The aphidsmoved onto the test plant as the leaf piece desiccated. Afterpre-infestation, the soil of the test unit was covered with a layer ofsand.

Test compounds were formulated and sprayed at 250 and/or 50 ppm. Afterspraying of the formulated test compound, each test unit was allowed todry for 1 hour and then a black, screened cap was placed on top. Thetest units were held for 6 days in a growth chamber at 19-21° C. and50-70% relative humidity. Each test unit was then visually assessed forinsect mortality.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 250 ppm, the following resultedin at least 80% mortality: 1, 3, 11, 16, 46, 76, 98, 109, 110, 111, 113,114, 127 and 149.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 50 ppm, the following resultedin at least 80% mortality: 3 and 76.

Test F

For evaluating control of cotton melon aphid (Aphis gossypii (Glover))through contact and/or systemic means, the test unit consisted of asmall open container with a 5-day-old okra plant inside. This waspre-infested with 30-40 insects on a piece of leaf according to thecut-leaf method, and the soil of the test unit was covered with a layerof sand.

Test compounds were formulated and sprayed at 250 and/or 50 ppm. Afterspraying, the test units were maintained in a growth chamber for 6 daysat 19° C. and 70% relative humidity. Each test unit was then visuallyassessed for insect mortality.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 250 ppm, the following resultedin at least 80% mortality: 1, 3, 25, 27, 30, 33, 50, 51, 57, 64, 76, 93,94, 97, 98, 108, 110, 111, 113, 127, 133 and 135.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 50 ppm, the following resultedin at least 80% mortality: 1, 3 and 76.

Test G

For evaluating control of the Western Flower Thrips (Franklinielllaoccidentalis (Pergande)) through contact and/or systemic means, the testunit consisted of a small open container with a 5-7-day-old Soleil beanplant inside.

Test compounds were formulated and sprayed at 250 and/or 50 ppm. Afterspraying, the test units were allowed to dry for 1 hour, and then about60 thrips (adults and nymphs) were added to each unit. A black, screenedcap was placed on top, and the test units were held for 6 days at 25° C.and 45-55% relative humidity. Each test unit was then visually assessedfor plant damage and insect mortality.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 250 ppm, the following providedvery good to excellent levels of control efficacy (30% or less plantdamage and/or 100% mortality): 1, 3, 6 and 76.

Of the compounds of Formula 1 tested at 50 ppm, the following providedvery good to excellent levels of control efficacy (30% or less plantdamage and/or 100% mortality): 1 and 3.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound selected from Formula 1, an N-oxide orsalt thereof,

wherein X is O or S; Y is O or S; A is a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ringcontaining ring members selected from carbon atoms and up to 3heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to3 N, wherein up to 2 carbon atom ring members are independently selectedfrom C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ring members are independentlyselected from S(═O)_(n), each ring unsubstituted or substituted with upto 3 substituents independently selected from R³; Z is a direct bond; ora 1- to 4-atom chain containing chain members selected from carbon atomsand up to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2S, and up to 2 N, wherein up to 2 carbon atom chain members areindependently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom chainmembers are independently selected from S(═O)_(n), each 1- to 4-atomchain being unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituentsindependently selected from R⁵, or substituted with up to 9 halogen whenR⁵ is halogen; R¹ is H or halogen; a 3- to 10-membered ring or a 7- to11-membered ring system, each ring or ring system containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 4 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 4 N, wherein up to 3carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selected fromS(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring or ring system unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 8 substituents independently selected from R⁴;provided that when Z is a direct bond, R¹ is other than H or halogen;R^(2a) and R^(2b) are independently I, halogen, cyano, C₁-C₃ alkyl,C₂-C₃ alkenyl or C₂-C₃ alkynyl; or R^(2a) and R^(2b) are taken togetherto form a 3- to 6-membered ring containing ring members selected fromcarbon atoms and up to one heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(n); Qis a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, unsubstituted or substitutedwith up to 3 substituents independently selected from R⁶; each R³ isindependently halogen, cyano, hydroxy, amino, nitro, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂,SO₂NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl,C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ halocycloalkyl, C₄-C₈alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ haloalkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₈halocycloalkylalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyl or C₂-C₆haloalkylcarbonyl; each R⁴ is independently halogen, cyano, hydroxy,amino, nitro, SF₅, OCN, SCN, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C(═S)NH₂, SO₂NH₂,C(═O)R¹³, C(═O)OR¹³, NHR¹³, NR¹³R¹⁴, C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, C(═S)NR¹⁶R¹⁴,SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁴, OC(═O)R¹⁶, OC(═O)OR¹³, OC(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, N(R¹⁶)C(═O)R¹⁶,N(R¹⁶)C(═O)OR¹⁴, N(R¹⁶)C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, OSO₂R¹³, OSO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, NR¹⁶SO₂R¹³,NR¹⁶SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, Si(R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵), C(═NR¹⁶)R¹⁷, C(═NOR¹⁶)R¹⁷,C(═NNR¹⁶R¹⁷)R¹⁸, C(═NN(C(═O)R¹⁴)R¹⁶)R¹⁷, C(═NN(C(═O)OR¹⁴)R¹⁶)R¹⁷,C(═NN(C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷)R¹⁶)R¹⁷, C(═NOR¹⁶)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, ON═CR¹⁶R¹⁷, ONR¹⁶R¹⁷,S(═O)(═NR¹⁶)R¹⁷, SO₂NR¹⁶C(═O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, P(═X²)R¹³R¹⁴, OP(═X²)R¹³R¹⁴,OP(═X²)(OR¹³)R¹⁴, OP(═X²)(OR¹³)OR¹⁴, N═CR¹⁶R¹⁷, NR¹⁶N═CR¹⁷R¹⁸,NR¹⁶NR¹⁷R¹⁸, NR¹⁶C(═X²)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, NR¹⁶C(═NR¹⁶)NR¹⁷R¹⁸,NR¹⁶NR¹⁶C(═X²)NR¹⁷R¹⁸ or NR¹⁶NR¹⁶SO₂NR¹⁷R¹⁸; or each R⁴ is independentlyC₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₁₀alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₄ cycloalkylcycloalkyl,C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₃-C₈cycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkoxy, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkoxyalkoxy, C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio,C₁-C₈ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₃-C₈cycloalkylsulfinyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, C₄-C₁₀cycloalkylalkylthio, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkylsulfinyl, C₄-C₁₀cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₈ alkenylthio, C₁-C₈ alkenylsulfinyl, C₂-C₈alkenylsulfonyl, C₂-C₈ alkynylthio, C₂-C₈ alkynylsulfinyl or C₂-C₈alkynylsulfonyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least onesubstituent independently selected from R¹²; or each R⁴ is independentlyZ¹Q¹; or two R⁴ substituents are taken together to form a 5- to7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each ring containing ringmembers selected from carbon atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms independentlyselected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, and up to 3 N, wherein up to 2carbon atom ring members are independently selected from C(═O) and C(═S)and the sulfur atom ring members are independently selected fromS(═O)_(n), each ring optionally substituted with up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,hydroxy, amino, nitro, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, SO₂NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₃-C₇cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ halocycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈haloalkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₄-C₈ halocycloalkylalkyl,C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl and C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl; each R⁵ isindependently halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₂-C₃ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₃ alkynyl, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰ orZ¹Q²; each R⁶ is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH,C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷, SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰ orSi(R⁷)₃; or C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁) alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl,C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyl or C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, each unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one substituent independently selected fromthe group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂,C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷, SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰ and Si(R⁷)₃;each R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀alkylcycloalkylalkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, each unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one substituent independently selected fromthe group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂,C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl,C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄haloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₈ dialkylamino, C₃-C₆cycloalkylamino, C₂-C₄ alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonylthio, C₂-C₆alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₈ dialkylaminocarbonyl and C₃-C₆ trialkylsilyl;or phenyl or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, each unsubstitutedor substituted with at least one substituent independently selected fromthe group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO,C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio,C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₈dialkylamino, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylamino, C₂-C₄, alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₄alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₆alkylcarbonylthio, C₂-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₃-C₈ dialkylaminocarbonyland C₃-C₆ trialkylsilyl; each Z¹ is independently a direct bond; or a 1-to 4-atom chain containing chain members selected from carbon atoms andup to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S,and up to 2 N, wherein up to 2 carbon atom chain members areindependently selected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom chainmembers are independently selected from S(═O)_(n), each 1- to 4-atomchain being unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 substituentsindependently selected from R⁵, or substituted with up to 9 halogen whenR⁵ is halogen; each X² is independently O or S; each Q¹ is independentlya 3- to 10-membered ring or a 7- to 11-membered ring system, each ringor ring system containing ring members selected from carbon atoms and upto 4 heteroatoms independently selected from up to 2 O, up to 2 S, andup to 4 N, wherein up to 3 carbon atom ring members are independentlyselected from C(═O) and C(═S) and the sulfur atom ring members areindependently selected from S(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z), each ring or ringsystem optionally substituted with up to 4 substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO,C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸, C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR, S(O)_(n)R⁷,SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, Si(R⁷)₃ and R¹¹; each Q² is independently phenyl or a 5- or6-membered heteroaromatic ring, each unsubstituted or substituted withup to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)R⁷, C(═O)OR⁸,C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷, SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, Si(R⁷)₃ and each R¹¹ isindependently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylalkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl,each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one substituentindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄alkylamino, C₂-C₈ dialkylamino, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylamino, C₂-C₄alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonylthio, C₂-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl,C₃-C₈ dialkylaminocarbonyl and C₃-C₆ trialkylsilyl; or phenyl or a 5- or6-membered heteroaromatic ring, each unsubstituted or substituted withat least one substituent independently selected from the groupconsisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl,halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfonyl,C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₈ dialkylamino, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylamino, C₂-C₄alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆alkylcarbonyloxy, C₂-C₆ alkylcarbonylthio, C₂-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl,C₃-C₈ dialkylaminocarbonyl and C₃-C₆ trialkylsilyl; each R¹² isindependently halogen, cyano, nitro, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)R⁷,C(═)O)OR⁸, C(═)O)NR⁹R¹⁰, OR⁸, S(O)_(n)R⁷, SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, Si(R⁷)₃ or Z¹Q²;each R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl,C₆-C₁₀ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylalkyl or C₃-C₆cycloalkenyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least onesubstituent independently selected from R¹²; or Q²; each R¹⁶, R¹⁷ andR¹⁸ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₈ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆-C₁₀cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylalkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl,each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one substituentindependently selected from R¹²; or Q²; each R¹⁹ is independently H,cyano, OCN, SCN, CHO, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NH₂, C(═S)NH₂, SO₂NH₂, C(═O)R¹³,C(═O)OR¹³, NHR¹³, NR¹³R¹⁴, C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, C(═S)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁴,OC(═O)R¹⁶, OC(═O)OR¹³, OC(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁴, N(R¹⁶)C(═O)R¹⁶, N(R¹⁶)C(═O)OR¹⁴,N(R¹⁶)C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, OSO₂R¹³, OSO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, NR¹⁶SO₂R¹³, NR¹⁶SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷,Si(R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵) or Z¹Q²; or C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl,C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkyl, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkyl,C₆-C₁₄ cycloalkylcycloalkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkylcycloalkylakyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkoxy,C₂-C₈ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₈ alkynyloxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, C₁-C₈alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₈ alkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylthio, C₃-C₈cycloalkylsulfinyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylsulfonyl, C₄-C₁₀cycloalkylalkylthio, C₄-C₁₀ cycloalkylalkylsulfinyl, C₄-C₁₀cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₈ alkenylthio, C₂-C₈ alkenylsulfinyl, C₂-C₈alkenylsulfonyl, C₂-C₈ alkynylthio, C₂-C₈ alkynylsulfinyl or C₂-C₈alkynylsulfonyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least onesubstituent independently selected from R¹²; each n is independently 0,1 or 2; and u and z in each instance of S(═O)_(u)(═NR¹⁹)_(z) areindependently 0, 1 or 2, provided that the sum of u and z in eachinstance of S(═O)_(u)(═NR⁹)_(z) is 0, 1 or
 2. 2. The compound of claim 1wherein the compound of Formula 1 is a compound of Formula 1-1

and a is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein X and Y are O;R^(2a) and R^(2b) are H.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein Z is adirect bond; and R¹ is phenyl or pyridinyl, each unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴. 5.The compound of claim 4 wherein Q is


6. The compound of claim 5 wherein R¹ is phenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R⁴; R³is F, Cl or CH₃; a is 0 or 1; and R⁶ is H, F, Cl, Br, CH₃, CHF₂ or CF₃.7. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and at least oneadditional component selected from the group consisting of surfactants,solid diluents and liquid diluents, said composition optionally furthercomprising at least one additional biologically active compound oragent.
 8. The composition of claim 7 wherein the at least one additionalbiologically active compound or agent is selected from the groupconsisting of abamectin, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid,acrinathrin, afidopyropen, amidoflumet, amitraz, avermectin,azadirachtin, azinphos-methyl, benfuracarb, bensultap, bifenthrin,bifenazate, bistrifluron, borate, buprofezin, carbaryl, carbofaran,cartap, carzol, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, chlorfluazuron,chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chromafenozide, clofentezin,clothianidin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cycloprothrin,cycloxaprid, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin,gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin,zeta-cypermethrin, cyromazine, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, diazinon,dieldrin, diflubenzuron, dimefluthrin, dimehypo, dimethoate,dinotefuran, diofenolan, emamectin, endosulfan, esfenvalerate,ethiprole, etofenprox, etoxazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenitrothion,fenothiocarb, fenoxycarb, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, fipronil,flometoquin, flonicamid, flubendiamide, flucythrinate, flufenerim,flufenoxuron, flufenoxystrobin, flufensulfone, fluorpyram, flupiprole,flupyradifurone, fluvalinate, tau-fluvalinate, fonophos, formetanate,fosthiazate, halofenozide, heptafluthrin, hexaflumuron, hexythiazox,hydramethylnon, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, insecticidal soaps,isofenphos, lufenuron, malathion, meperfluthrin, metaflumizone,metaldehyde, methamidophos, methidathion, methiodicarb, methomyl,methoprene, methoxychlor, metofluthrin, monocrotophos, monofluthrin,methoxyfenozide, nitenpyram, nithiazine, novaluron, noviflumuron,oxamyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, permethrin, phorate, phosalone,phosmet, phosphamidon, pirimicarb, profenofos, profluthrin, propargite,protrifenbute, pyflubumide, pymetrozine, pyrafluprole, pyrethrin,pyridaben, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, pyriminostrobin, pyriprole,pyriproxyfen, rotenone, ryanodine, silafluofen, spinetoram, spinosad,spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, sulprofos, sulfoxaflor,tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, terbufos,tetrachlorvinphos, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin, thiacloprid,thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, thiosultap-sodium, tolfenpyrad, tralomethrin,triazamate, trichlorfon, triflumuron, all strains of Bacillusthuringiensis, entomopathogenic bacteria, all strains of Nucleopolyhedrosis viruses, entomopathogenic viruses and entomopathogenicfungi.
 9. The composition of claim 8 wherein the at least one additionalbiologically active compound or agent is selected from the groupconsisting of abamectin, acetamiprid, acrinathrin, afidopyropen,amitraz, avermectin, azadirachtin, benfuracarb, bensultap, bifenthrin,3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide,buprofezin, carbaryl, cartap, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr,chlorpyrifos, clothianidin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole,cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin,lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin,zeta-cypermethrin, cyromazine, deltamethrin, dieldrin, dinotefuran,diofenolan, emamectin, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, ethiprole, etofenprox,etoxazole, fenitrothion, fenothiocarb, fenoxycarb, fenvalerate,fipronil, flometoquin, flonicamid, flubendiamide, flufenoxuron,flufenoxystrobin, flufensulfone, flupiprole, flupyradifurone,fluvalinate, formetanate, fosthiazate, heptafluthrin, hexaflumuron,hydramethylnon, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, lufenuron, meperfluthirnmetaflumizone, methiodicarb, methomyl, methoprene, methoxyfenozide,metofluthrin, monofluthrin, nitenpyram, nithiazine, novaluron, oxamyl,pyflubumide, pymetrozine, pyrethrin, pyridaben, pyridalyl,pyriminostrobin, pyriproxyfen, ryanodine, spinetoram, spinosad,spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor, tebufenozide,tetramethrin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, thiosultap-sodium,tralomethrin, tetramethylfluthrin, triazamate, triflumuron, all strainsof Bacillus thuringiensis and all strains of Nucleo polyhedrosisviruses.
 10. A method for controlling an invertebrate pest comprisingcontacting the invertebrate pest or its environment with a biologicallyeffective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-6.
 11. A treatedseed comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-6 in an amount of fromabout 0.0001 to 1% by weight of the seed before treatment.